Harp Contents Origin Structure and mechanism Development and history Modern European and American harps Terminology and etymology As a symbol See also References Additional sources External links Navigation menuKing David's tomb"The Sumerian Harp of Ur, c. 3500 B.C.E.""Lyres: The Royal Tombs of Ur""History of the Harp | International Harp Museum"Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28 – July 3, 2004Encyclopædia Iranica"The Harps of Ancient Tamil-Land and The Twenty-Two Srutis of Indian Musical Theory"Companion Studies to the History of Tamil LiteratureThe Journal of the Numismatic Society of IndiaReappraising Gupta History: For S.R. Goyal"Konghou"The love of Dunhuang5937667710.2307/2865415Whole World of Music: A Henry Cowell SymposiumFolk Harp JournalHistoria del arpa en la ArgentinaThe Indispensable Harp: Historical Development, Modern Roles, Configurations, and Performance Practices in Ecuador and Latin America"History of Latin American Harps"Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music"Juan Cayambe"The Indispensable Harp: Historical Development, Modern Roles, Configurations, and Performance Practices in Ecuador and Latin AmericaEl arpa en VenezuelaMande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western AfricaBalkan Popular Culture and the Ottoman Ecumene: Music, Image, and Regional Political DiscourseContinuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Part 1 Performance and Production10.2307/2795578Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28 – July 3, 2004Classical Music: An Introduction to Classical Music Through the Great Composers & Their Masterworks"Grove Music Online"Anatomy of the Orchestra"Is "Celtic" a myth? The Lever Harp in Brittany"Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Vol. 1-Single, double, and triple harps, 1581–1782: harps having two or three rows of parallel strings. Part IIZeitschrift"Harp"The Story of Lanka: Outlines of the History of Ceylon from the Earliest Times to the Coming of the PortugueseThe Musical quarterlyAll Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical MusicEtymologicum magnumL'arpa moderna. La scrittura, la notazione, lo strumento e il repertorio dal '500 alla contemporaneitàContinuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Part 1 Performance and ProductionWriting for the Pedal Harp: A Standardized Manual for Composers and HarpistsMethod for the Harp; Fundamental Exercises with Illustrations and Technical Explanations (as an Introduction and Complement to Carlos Salzedos̀ "Modern Study of the Harp") by Lucile Lawrence and Carlos SalzedoHarps and harpistsHarpColumn.comHarpSpectrum.orge4129456-7f0a6e89d-b828-4b73-885d-8c1560e5e49a00562971

AdunguJanziAfricanSaungÇengChangParaguayanInlineCross-strungLeverPedalEuropeKafirMulti-courseNordicTriple


HarpsString instrumentsBaroque instrumentsOrchestral instrumentsWestern Classical music instrumentsNational symbols of IrelandAncient Greek musical instruments


stringed musical instrumentstringssoundboardcatgutnylonmetalneckresonatorstringschromaticismpedal harporchestraRomantic music eraSumerUrancient EgyptianNile ValleySasanianSangam literatureancient veenaSamudraguptaSpring and Autumn periodMing DynastyGoguryeotriangularnylonnecktuning pegsounding boardeyelettautresonateschromaticPictish stonesUtrecht PsalterBaroqueMexicoAndeanVenezuelaParaguayBaroqueParaguayan harpnational instrumentParaguayan harpsAndean harpQuechuaAndesQuechuaAymaraPeruBoliviaEcuadorhuaynoJuan CayambePimampiro CantonImbabura ProvincejarochaAfrican harpsharp luteOttoman EmpireSvanetiNuristan provinceKafir harpPadharMadhya PradeshMyanmarchromaticpitch-classCesar FranckCasper Reardonthe BeatlesShe's Leaving HomeBjörkZeena ParkinsJohn EganJord CochevelouAlan Stivellmulti-course harptriple harpcross-strung harpinline chromatic harpKarl WeigelHanoverelectric lever harpsLyon & HealySalviCamacpiezo-electricgravikordkoraaeolian harpautoharpharpsichordzithersharp guitarharp lutelutelyrekitharavibraphonefree reedJew's harpplucked idiophonelaser harpBrian BoruclanKingdom of IrelandRoyal StandardKing James VI and ICommonwealth JackOliver CromwellProtectorate JackRichard Cromwellflag of LeinsterTrinity College HarpLibraryTrinity College DublinGreat Seal of the Irish Free Statecoat of armsIrish Presidential StandardPresidential SealConstitution of IrelandIrish passportIrish coinageMiddle AgeseuroGuinnessHarp LagerIrish IndependentRyanairTamil harp yaalCity of JaffnaheavenangelsGenesisJubalLamechKing David's tombcorporate logoGuinnessthemeRyanairState Examinations CommissionFinn Harps F.C.National University of IrelandUniversity College DublinGaelic Athletic AssociationNorthern IrelandPolice Service of Northern IrelandQueen's University of BelfastAl-ShortaAssyrian Neo-Aramaic









Harp

Harp.png
A medieval harp (left) and a single-action pedal harp (right)

String instrument
Hornbostel–Sachs classification322–5
(Composite chordophone sounded by the bare fingers)
Playing range


Range of harp.JPG

(modern pedal harp)[1]

Related instruments


  • Claviharp

  • Pedal Harp


  • Triple Harp(Baroque era)


  • Celtic Harp(Medieval era)

  • Epigonion

  • Lyre

  • Yazh

  • Zither

The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers. Harps have been known since antiquity in Asia, Africa and Europe, dating back at least as early as 3500 BC. The instrument had great popularity in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, where it evolved into a wide range of variants with new technologies, and was disseminated to Europe's colonies, finding particular popularity in Latin America. Although some ancient members of the harp family died out in the Near East and South Asia, descendants of early harps are still played in Myanmar and parts of Africa, and other defunct variants in Europe and Asia have been utilized by musicians in the modern era.


Harps vary globally in many ways. In terms of size, many smaller harps can be played on the lap, whereas larger harps are quite heavy and rest on the floor. Different harps may use strings of catgut, nylon, metal, or some combination. While all harps have a neck, resonator, and strings, frame harps have a pillar at their long end to support the strings, while open harps, such as arch harps and bow harps, do not. Modern harps also vary in techniques used to extend the range and chromaticism (e.g., adding sharps and flats) of the strings, such as adjusting a string's note mid-performance with levers or pedals which modify the pitch. The pedal harp is a standard instrument in the orchestra of the Romantic music era (ca. 1800–1910) and the contemporary music era.




Contents





  • 1 Origin

    • 1.1 Near East


    • 1.2 South Asia


    • 1.3 East Asia



  • 2 Structure and mechanism


  • 3 Development and history

    • 3.1 Europe


    • 3.2 Americas


    • 3.3 Africa


    • 3.4 South and Southwest Asia


    • 3.5 East Asia



  • 4 Modern European and American harps

    • 4.1 Concert harp


    • 4.2 Folk, lever, and Celtic instruments


    • 4.3 Multi-course harps


    • 4.4 Chromatic-strung harps


    • 4.5 Electric harps



  • 5 Terminology and etymology


  • 6 As a symbol

    • 6.1 Political

      • 6.1.1 Ireland


      • 6.1.2 Elsewhere



    • 6.2 Religious


    • 6.3 Corporate



  • 7 See also


  • 8 References


  • 9 Additional sources


  • 10 External links




Origin



Near East




Ur lyre




1A Sassanid era mosaic excavated at Bishapur


The earliest harps and lyres were found in Sumer, 3500 BC,[2] and several harps were found in burial pits and royal tombs in Ur.[3] The oldest depictions of harps without a forepillar can be seen adjacent to the Near East, in the wall paintings of ancient Egyptian tombs in the Nile Valley, which date from as early as 3000 BC. These murals show an instrument that closely resembles the hunter's bow, without the pillar that we find in modern harps.
[4]
The chang flourished in Persia in many forms from its introduction, about 4000 BC, until the 17th century.


Around 1900 BC arched harps in the Iraq–Iran region were replaced by angular harps with vertical or horizontal sound boxes.[5] By the start of the Common Era, "robust, vertical, angular harps", which had become predominant in the Hellenistic world, were cherished in the Sasanian court. In the last century of the Sasanian period, angular harps were redesigned to make them as light as possible ("light, vertical, angular harps"); while they became more elegant, they lost their structural rigidity. At the height of the Persian tradition of illustrated book production (AD 1300–1600), such light harps were still frequently depicted, although their use as musical instruments was reaching its end.[6]



South Asia



The works of the Tamil Sangam literature describe the harp and its variants, as early as 200 BC.[7] Variants were described ranging from 14 to 17 strings, and the instrument used by wandering minstrels for accompaniment.[8] Iconographic evidence in of the yaal appears in temple statues dated as early as 500 BC[citation needed] One of the Sangam works, the Kallaadam recounts how the first yaaḻ harp was inspired by an archer's bow, when he heard the musical sound of its twang.[citation needed]


Another early South Asian harp was the ancient veena; unlike the modern instrument of the same name, the ancient veena was a harp vice the modern lute-type instrument. Some Samudragupta gold coins show of the mid-4th century AD show (presumably) the king Samudragupta himself playing the instrument.[9] The ancient veena survives today in Burma, in the form of the saung harp still played there.[10]



East Asia


The harp was popular in ancient China and neighboring regions, though harps are largely extinct in East Asia in the modern day. The Chinese konghou harp is documented as early as the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC), and became extinct during the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644).[11] A similar harp, the gonghu was played in ancient Korea, documented as early as the Goguryeo period (37 BC – AD 686).[12]



Structure and mechanism




Basic structural elements and terminology of a modern concert harp


Harps are essentially triangular and made primarily of wood. Strings are made of gut or wire, often replaced in the modern day by nylon, or metal. The top end of each string is secured on the crossbar or neck, where each will have a tuning peg or similar device to adjust the pitch. From the crossbar, the string runs down to the sounding board on the resonating body, where it is secured with a knot; on modern harps the string's hole is protected with an eyelet to limit wear on the wood. It is the distance between the tuning peg and the soundboard, as well as tension and weight of the string, which decide the pitch of the string. The body is hollow, and when a taut string is plucked, the body resonates, projecting sound.


The longest side of the harp is called the column or pillar, though some earlier harps, such as a "bow harp", lack a pillar. On most harps the sole purpose of the pillar is to hold up the neck against the great strain of the strings. On harps which have pedals (largely the modern concert harp), the pillar is a hollow column and encloses the rods which adjust the pitches, which are levered by pressing pedals at the base of the instrument.


On harps of earlier design, a given string can play only a single note without retuning. In many cases this means such a harp can only play in one key at a time and must be manually retuned to play in another key. Various remedies to this limitation evolved: the addition of extra strings to cover chromatic notes (sometimes in separate or angled rows distinct from the main row of strings), addition of small levers on the crossbar which when actuated raise the pitch of a string by a set interval (usually a semitone), or use of pedals at the base of the instrument which change the pitch of a string when pressed with the foot. These solutions increase the versatility of a harp at the cost of adding complexity, weight, and expense.



Development and history



Europe




The harper on the Dupplin Cross, Scotland, circa 800 AD


While the angle and bow harps held popularity elsewhere, European harps favored the "pillar", a third structural member to support the far ends of the arch and soundbox.[13][14][15] A harp with a triangular three-part frame is depicted on 8th-century Pictish stones in Scotland[13][14] and in manuscripts (e.g. the Utrecht Psalter) from early 9th-century France.[15] The curve of the harp's neck is a result of the proportional shortening of the basic triangular form to keep the strings equidistant; if the strings were proportionately distant they would be farther apart.




A medieval European harp (the Wartburg harp) with buzzing bray pins.


As European harps evolved to play more complex music, a key consideration was some way to facilitate the quick changing of a string's pitch to be able to play more chromatic notes. By the Baroque period in Italy and Spain, more strings were added to allow for chromatic notes in more complex harps. In Germany in the second half of the 17th century, diatonic single-row harps were fitted with manually turned hooks which fretted individual strings to raise their pitch by a half step. In the 18th century, a link mechanism was developed connecting these hooks with pedals, leading to the invention of the single-action pedal harp.


The first primitive form of pedal harps was developed in the Tyrol region of Austria. Jacob Hochbrucker was the next to design an improved pedal mechanism around 1720, followed in succession by Krumpholtz, Nadermann, and the Erard company, who came up with the double mechanism, in which a second row of hooks was installed along the neck, capable of raising the pitch of a string by either one or two half steps. While one course of European harps led to greater complexity, resulting largely in the modern pedal harp, other harping traditions maintained simpler diatonic instruments which survived and evolved into modern traditions.



Americas


In the Americas, harps are widely but sparsely distributed, except in certain regions where the harp traditions are very strong. Such important centres include Mexico, the Andean region, Venezuela, and Paraguay. They are derived from the Baroque harps that were brought from Spain during the colonial period.[16] Detailed features vary from place to place.


The Paraguayan harp is that country's national instrument, and has gained a worldwide reputation, with international influences alongside folk traditions. Paraguayan harps have around 36 strings, played with the fingernails, and with a narrowing spacing and lower tension than modern Western harps, and have a wide and deep soundbox which tapers to the top.[17]


The harp is also found in Argentina,[18] though in Uruguay it was largely displaced in religious music by the organ by the end of the 18th century.[19] The harp is historically found in Brazil, but mostly in the south of the country.[20]




Andean harp


The Andean harp (Quechua: arpa), also known as Peruan harp, or indigenous harp, is widespread among peoples living in highlands of the Andes: Quechua and Aymara, mainly in Peru, and also in Bolivia and Ecuador. Andean harp has relatively large size. Its distinguishing feature is significantly increased volume of the resonator box, which gives basses a special richness. Andean harp usually accompanies love dances and songs, such as huayno.[21] One of the most famous performers on the Andean harp was Juan Cayambe (Pimampiro Canton, Imbabura Province, Ecuador[22])


Mexican "jarocha" harp music of Veracruz has also gained some international recognition, evident in the popularity of "la bamba".[original research?] In southern Mexico (Chiapas), there is a very different indigenous style of harp music.[23]


In Venezuela, there are two distinct traditions, the arpa llanera and the arpa central (or arpa mirandina). The modern Venezuelan arpa llanera has 32 strings of nylon (originally, gut). The arpa central is strung with wire in the higher register.[24]



Africa




A Mangbetu man playing a bow harp.


A number of types of harps are found in Africa, predominantly not of the three-sided frame-harp type found in Europe. A number of these, referred to generically as African harps, are bow or angle harps, which lack forepillars joining the neck to the body.


A number of harp-like instruments in Africa are not easily classified with European categories. Instruments like the West African kora and Mauritanian ardin are sometimes labeled as "spike harp", "bridge harp", or harp lute since their construction includes a bridge which holds the strings laterally, vice vertically entering the soundboard.[25]



South and Southwest Asia


While lyres and zithers have persisted in the Middle East, most of the true harps of the region have become extinct, though some are undergoing initial revivals. The Turkish çeng was a nine-string harp in the Ottoman Empire which became extinct at the end of the 17th century,[26] but has undergone some revival and evolution since the late 20th century. A similar harp, the changi survives in the Svaneti region of Georgia.[27]


In the remote and mountainous Nuristan province of Afghanistan the Kafir harp has been part of the musical traditional for many years.[28] In India, the bin-baia harp survives about the Padhar people of Madhya Pradesh.[27]



East Asia




Saung musician in 1900.


The harp largely became extinct in East Asia by the 17th century; around the year 1000 harps like the vajra began to replace preceding[clarification needed] harps.[29] A few examples survived to the modern era, particularly Myanmar's saung-gauk, which is considered the national instrument in that country. Though the ancient Chinese konghou has not been directly resurrected, the name has been revived and applied to a modern newly invented instrument based on the Western classical harp, but with the strings doubled back to form two notes per string, allowing advanced techniques such as note-bending.[citation needed]



Modern European and American harps



Concert harp




5831617723-20110614-184202.jpg


The concert harp is a technologically advanced instrument, particularly distinguished by its use of "pedals", foot-controlled devices which can alter the pitch of given strings, making it fully chromatic and thus able to play a wide body of classical repertoire. The pedal harp contains seven pedals that each affect the tuning of all strings of one pitch-class. The pedals, from left to right, are D, C, B on the left side and E, F, G, A on the right. Pedals were first introduced in 1697 by Jakob Hochbrucker of Bavaria.[30] In 1811 these were upgraded to the "double action" pedal system patented by Sébastien Erard.[31]


The addition of pedals broadened the harp's abilities, allowing its gradual entry into the classical orchestra, largely beginning in the 19th century. The harp played little or no role in early classical music (being used only a handful of times by major composers such as Mozart and Beethoven), and its usage by Cesar Franck in his Symphony in D minor (1888) was described as "revolutionary" despite some body of prior classical usage.[32] Entering the 20th century, the pedal harp found use outside of classical music, entering jazz with Casper Reardon,[when?]the Beatles 1967 single "She's Leaving Home", and several works by Björk which featured harpist Zeena Parkins.



Folk, lever, and Celtic instruments






New Salem Village re-enactor playing a Celtic harp.


In the modern era, there is a family of mid-size harps, generally with nylon strings, and optionally with partial or full levers but without pedals. They range from two to six octaves, and are plucked with the fingers using a similar technique to the pedal harp. Though these harps evoke ties to historical European harps, their specifics are modern, and they are frequently referred to broadly as "Celtic harps" due to their region of revival and popular association, or more generically as "folk harps" due to their use in non-classical music, or as "lever harps" to contrast their modifying mechanism with the larger pedal harp.[33]




Welsh harpists at Caerwys Eisteddfod c.1892


The modern Celtic harp began to appear in the early 19th century in Ireland, contemporary with the dying-out of earlier forms of Gaelic harp. Dublin pedal harp maker John Egan developed a new type of harp which had gut strings and semitone mechanisms like an orchestral pedal harp; it was small and curved like the historical cláirseach or Irish harp, but its strings were of gut and the soundbox was much lighter.[34] In the 1890s a similar new harp was also developed in Scotland as part of a Gaelic cultural revival.[35] In the mid-20th century Jord Cochevelou developed a variant of the modern Celtic harp which he referred to as the "Breton Celtic harp"; his son Alan Stivell was to become the most influential Breton harper, and a strong influence in the broader world of the Celtic harp.



Multi-course harps


A multi-course harp is a harp with more than one row of strings, as opposed to the more common "single course" harp. On a double-harp, the two rows generally run parallel to each other, one on either side of the neck, and are usually both diatonic (sometimes with levers) with identical notes.


The triple harp originated in Italy in the 16th century, and arrived in Wales in the late 17th century where it established itself in the local tradition as the Welsh harp (telyn deires, "three-row harp").[36] The triple consists of two outer rows of identical diatonic strings with a third set of chromatic strings between them. These strings are off set to permit the harpist to reach past the outer row and pluck an inner string if a chromatic note is needed.



Chromatic-strung harps


Some harps, rather than using pedal or lever devices, achieve chromaticity by simply adding additional strings to cover the notes outside their diatonic home scale. The Welsh triple harp is one such instrument, and two other instruments employing this technique are the cross-strung harp and the inline chromatic harp.




Cross-strung chromatic harp


The cross-strung harp has one row of diatonic strings, and a separate row of chromatic notes, angled in an "X" shape so that the row which can be played by the right hand at the top may be played by the left hand at the bottom, and vice versa. This variant was first attested as the arpa de dos órdenes ("two-row harp") in Spain and Portugal, in the 17th century.[37]


The inline chromatic harp is generally a single-course harp with all 12 notes of the chromatic scale appearing in a single row. Single course inline chromatic harps have been produced at least since 1902, when Karl Weigel of Hanover patented a model of inline chromatic harp.[38]



Electric harps


Amplified (electro-acoustic) hollow body and solid body electric lever harps are produced by many harpmakers, including Lyon & Healy, Salvi, and Camac. They generally use individual piezo-electric sensors for each string, often in combination with small internal microphones to produce a mixed electrical signal. Hollow body instruments can also be played acoustically, while solid body instruments must be amplified.




A gravikord


The late-20th century gravikord is a modern purpose-built electric double harp made of stainless steel based on the traditional West African kora.



Terminology and etymology


The modern English word harp comes from the Old English hearpe; akin to Old High German harpha.[39]


A number of non-harp-like instruments are colloquially referred to as "harps". Chordophones like the aeolian harp (wind harp) and the autoharp (with the piano and harpsichord) are not harps, but zithers, because their strings are not perpendicular to their soundboard. Similarly, the many varieties of harp guitar and harp lute, while chordophones, belong to the lute family and are not true harps. All forms of the lyre and kithara are also not harps, but belong to the fourth family of ancient instruments under the chordophones, the lyres.


The term "harp" has also been applied to many instruments which are not chordophones. The vibraphone was (and is still) sometimes referred to as the "vibraharp", though it has no strings and its sound is produced by striking metal bars. In blues music, the harmonica is often casually referred to as a "blues harp" or "harp", but it is a free reed wind instrument, not a stringed instrument, and is therefore not a true harp. The Jew's harp is neither Jewish nor a harp; it is a plucked idiophone and likewise not a stringed instrument. The laser harp is not a stringed instrument at all, but is a harp-shaped synthesized electronic instrument that has laser beams where harps have strings.



As a symbol



Political





Coat of arms of Ireland



Ireland




Pub plaque, Omagh


The harp has been used as a political symbol of Ireland for centuries. Its origin is unknown but from the evidence of the ancient oral and written literature, it has been present in one form or another since at least the 6th century or before. According to tradition, Brian Boru, High King of Ireland (died at the Battle of Clontarf, 1014) played the harp, as did many of the gentry in the country during the period of the Gaelic Lordship of Ireland (ended c. 1607 with the "Flight of the Earls" following the Elizabethan Wars).[citation needed]


In traditional Gaelic society every clan and chief of any consequence would have a resident harp player who would compose eulogies and elegies (later known as "planxties") in honour of the leader and chief men of the clan. The harp was adopted as a symbol of the Kingdom of Ireland on the coinage from 1542, and in the Royal Standard of King James VI and I in 1603 and continued to feature on all English and United Kingdom Royal Standards ever since, though the styles of the harps depicted differed in some respects. It was also used on the Commonwealth Jack of Oliver Cromwell, issued in 1649 and on the Protectorate Jack issued in 1658 as well as on the Lord Protector's Standard issued on the succession of Richard Cromwell in 1658. The harp is also traditionally used on the flag of Leinster.


Since 1922, the government of Ireland has used a similar left-facing harp, based on the Trinity College Harp in the Library of Trinity College Dublin as its state symbol. It first appeared on the Great Seal of the Irish Free State, which in turn was replaced by the coat of arms, the Irish Presidential Standard and the Presidential Seal in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. The harp emblem is used on official state seals and documents including the Irish passport and has appeared on Irish coinage from the Middle Ages to the current Irish imprints of euro coins. Irish companies such as Guinness since 1759, Harp Lager since 1960, Irish Independent since 1961 (originally in black but in green since 1972), and Ryanair since 1985 have all incorporated harps into their logos.



Elsewhere


The South Asian Tamil harp yaal is the symbol of City of Jaffna, Sri Lanka, whose legendary root originates from a harp player.[40]



Religious




St. Maria (Weingarten/Württemberg)


In the context of Christianity, heaven is sometimes symbolically depicted as populated by angels playing harps, giving the instrument associations of the sacred and heavenly. In the Bible, Genesis 4:21 says that Jubal, the first musician and son of Lamech, was 'the father of all who play' the harp and flute.[41][42][43]


Many depictions of King David in Jewish art have him holding or playing a harp, such as a sculpture outside King David's tomb in Jerusalem.



Corporate


The harp is also used extensively as a corporate logo, by private companies and government organisations. The Irish beer Guinness uses a harp, facing right and less detailed than the version used on the state arms. Relatively new organisations also use the harp, but often modified to reflect a theme relevant to their organisation: Irish airline Ryanair uses a modified harp, and the Irish State Examinations Commission uses it with an educational theme. The harp appears in the logo for League of Ireland football team Finn Harps F.C., Donegal's senior soccer club.


Other organisations in Ireland use the harp, but not always prominently; these include the National University of Ireland and the associated University College Dublin, and the Gaelic Athletic Association. In Northern Ireland the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Queen's University of Belfast use the harp as part of their identity.


In Iraq, the football club Al-Shorta is nicknamed Al-Qeetharah (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: "the harp"‎), and has a harp on its logo.




See also


  • List of harpists

  • Harpists

  • Clàrsach

  • Epigonion

  • Psaltery

  • Triple Harp

  • Pedal Harp

  • Claviharp


References




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  2. ^ "The Sumerian Harp of Ur, c. 3500 B.C.E." Oxford Journal of Music and Letters. X (2):: 108–123. 1929.


  3. ^ "Lyres: The Royal Tombs of Ur". SumerianShakespeare.com.


  4. ^ "History of the Harp | International Harp Museum". internationalharpmuseum.org. Retrieved 18 June 2016.


  5. ^ Neville Agnew (3 August 2010). Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28 – July 3, 2004. Getty Publications. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-1-60606-013-1.


  6. ^ Ehsan Yar-Shater (2003). Encyclopædia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-933273-81-8.


  7. ^ Vipulananda (1941). "The Harps of Ancient Tamil-Land and The Twenty-Two Srutis of Indian Musical Theory". Calcutta Review. LXXXI (3).


  8. ^ Kamil Zvelebil (1992). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. BRILL. pp. 145–. ISBN 90-04-09365-6.


  9. ^ The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India. Numismatic Society of India. 2006. pp. 73–75.


  10. ^ Śrīrāma Goyala (1 August 1992). Reappraising Gupta History: For S.R. Goyal. Aditya Prakashan. p. 237. ISBN 978-81-85179-78-0. - ...yazh resembles this old vina... however it is the Burmese harp which seems to have been handed down in almost unchanged form since ancient times


  11. ^ "Konghou". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 October 2018.


  12. ^ Hu-myŏng Yun; Kyungnyun K. Richards; Steffen F. Richards (2005). The love of Dunhuang. Cross-Cultural Communications. ISBN 978-0-89304-737-5.


  13. ^ ab Montagu, Jeremy (2002). "Harp". In Alison Latham. The Oxford Companion to Music. London: Oxford University Press. p. 564. ISBN 0-19-866212-2. OCLC 59376677.


  14. ^ ab The Anglo Saxon Harp, 'Spectrum, Vol. 71, No. 2 (April 1996), pp. 290–320.


  15. ^ ab The Anglo-Saxon Harp Robert Boenig Speculum, Vol. 71, No. 2 (April 1996), pp. 290–320 doi:10.2307/2865415 This article consists of 31-page(s).


  16. ^ David Nicholls (19 December 2013). Whole World of Music: A Henry Cowell Symposium. Routledge. pp. 161&nbsp, ff. ISBN 978-1-134-41946-3.


  17. ^ Folk Harp Journal. 99. 1999.


  18. ^ Marcela Méndez (1 January 2004). Historia del arpa en la Argentina. Editorial de Entre Rios. ISBN 978-950-686-137-7.


  19. ^ John Mendell Schechter (1992). The Indispensable Harp: Historical Development, Modern Roles, Configurations, and Performance Practices in Ecuador and Latin America. Kent State University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-87338-439-1.


  20. ^ Ortiz, Alfredo Rolando. "History of Latin American Harps". HarpSpectrum.org. Retrieved 12 December 2014.


  21. ^ George Torres (27 March 2013). Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music. ABC-CLIO. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-313-08794-3.


  22. ^ "Juan Cayambe". Discogs.


  23. ^ John Mendell Schechter (1992). The Indispensable Harp: Historical Development, Modern Roles, Configurations, and Performance Practices in Ecuador and Latin America. Kent State University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-87338-439-1.


  24. ^ Fernando F. Guerrero Briceño (1999). El arpa en Venezuela. FUNDARTE, Alcaldía de Caracas.


  25. ^ Eric S. Charry (1 October 2000). Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa. University of Chicago Press. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-226-10162-0.


  26. ^ Donna A. Buchanan (1 October 2007). Balkan Popular Culture and the Ottoman Ecumene: Music, Image, and Regional Political Discourse. Scarecrow Press. pp. 239–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6677-5.


  27. ^ ab John Shepherd; David Horn; Dave Laing; Paul Oliver; Peter Wicke (8 May 2003). Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Part 1 Performance and Production. A&C Black. pp. 435–. ISBN 978-1-84714-472-0.


  28. ^ Alvad, Thomas (October 1954). "233. The Kafir Harp". Man. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 54: 151–154. doi:10.2307/2795578.


  29. ^ Neville Agnew (3 August 2010). Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28 – July 3, 2004. Getty Publications. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-1-60606-013-1.


  30. ^ John Stanley (1 May 1997). Classical Music: An Introduction to Classical Music Through the Great Composers & Their Masterworks. Reader's Digest Association. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-89577-947-2.


  31. ^ DeVale, Sue Carole. "Grove Music Online". Oxford University Press.


  32. ^ Norman Del Mar (1983). Anatomy of the Orchestra. University of California Press. pp. 435–. ISBN 978-0-520-05062-4.


  33. ^ Bouchaud, Dominig. "Is "Celtic" a myth? The Lever Harp in Brittany". Harp Blog.


  34. ^ Rimmer 1980. p. 67.


  35. ^ See Collinson 1983.


  36. ^ John T. Koch. Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Vol. 1-. ABC-CLIO. pp. 893–. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.


  37. ^ Patricia O. Mikishka (1989). Single, double, and triple harps, 1581–1782: harps having two or three rows of parallel strings. Part II. Department of music, Stanford University. p. 48.


  38. ^ International Musical Society (1903). Zeitschrift. Breitkopf und Härtel. p. 196.


  39. ^ "Harp". Oxford Dictionaries.


  40. ^ L. E. Blaze; Louis Edmund Blaze (1921). The Story of Lanka: Outlines of the History of Ceylon from the Earliest Times to the Coming of the Portuguese. Asian Educational Services. p. 45. ISBN 978-81-206-1074-3.


  41. ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+4%3A21&version=NIV;KJV


  42. ^ "On the Relative Difficulties of Depicting Heaven and Hell in Music by Carl Van Vechten". The Musical quarterly. 1919. pp. 553–.


  43. ^ Chris Woodstra; Gerald Brennan; Allen Schrott (2005). All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music. Backbeat Books. pp. 699–. ISBN 978-0-87930-865-0.




Additional sources



  • Thomas Gaisford (1848). Etymologicum magnum. ISBN 960-400-139-6.


  • Lucia Bova (2008). L'arpa moderna. La scrittura, la notazione, lo strumento e il repertorio dal '500 alla contemporaneità. Sugarmusic. ISBN 978-88-900691-4-7.

  • "Harps of Their Owne Sorte'? A Reassessment of Pictish Chordophone Depictions". Alasdair Ross, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 36, Winter 1998.


  • John Shepherd; David Horn; Dave Laing; Paul Oliver; Peter Wicke (8 May 2003). Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Part 1 Performance and Production. A&C Black. pp. 427–437. ISBN 978-1-84714-472-0.


  • Ruth K. Inglefield; Lou Anne Neill (1985). Writing for the Pedal Harp: A Standardized Manual for Composers and Harpists. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04832-4.


  • Lucile Lawrence; Carlos Salzedo (1929). Method for the Harp; Fundamental Exercises with Illustrations and Technical Explanations (as an Introduction and Complement to Carlos Salzedos̀ "Modern Study of the Harp") by Lucile Lawrence and Carlos Salzedo. New York, G. Schirmer.


  • Roslyn Rensch (June 2007) [original edition 1989]. Harps and harpists. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34903-6.


External links








  • HarpColumn.com

  • HarpSpectrum.org








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