Scotoplanes globosa Contents Ecology Anatomy Distribution and Habitat Diet References Navigation menu"Sea Pig - Scotoplanes globosa - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life""Sea Pig - Scotoplanes globosa - Classifications - Encyclopedia of Life""Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of a deep-sea holothurian species of the genus Scotoplanes (Elasipodida: Elpidiidae)"10.1080/23802359.2018.15364622380-2359"Epibenthic megafauna of a bathyal basin off southern California: patterns of abundance, biomass, and dispersion"10.1016/0198-0149(83)90048-10198-0149"DNA-based identification of an echinoderm host for a deep-sea parasitic snail (Gastropoda: Eulimidae)"10.1080/13235818.2017.13728651323-5818"Symbiosis between the holothurianScotoplanessp. A and the lithodid crabNeolithodes diomedeaeon a featureless bathyal sediment plain"10.1111/maec.123960173-9565"Photographic evidence of a unique type of walking in deep-sea holothurians"10.1016/0011-7471(72)90056-30011-7471"Feeding selectivity and rapid particle processing by deep-sea megafaunal deposit feeders: A 234Th tracer approach"10.1357/002224000321511061"Time-series analysis of six whale-fall communities in Monterey Canyon, California, USA"10.1016/j.dsr.2010.09.0030967-0637599675227943556814210837605158414c5bba948-12bc-47c2-ac22-0f4eca0471f2499154780312148773
ElasipodidaAnimals described in 1879
sea cucumberEchinozoaHjalmar ThéelThéelH.M.S ChallengerStilapexCrinolamia
Scotoplanes globosa | |
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Scotoplanes globosa and symbiotic lithodid crab | |
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Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Holothuroidea |
| Order: | Elasipodida |
| Family: | Elpidiidae |
| Genus: | Scotoplanes |
| Species: | S. globosa |
Binomial name | |
Scotoplanes globosa (Théel, 1879) | |
Synonyms | |
Elpidia globosa Théel, 1879 | |
Scotoplanes globosa, commonly known as the sea pig, is a species of sea cucumber in the genus Scotoplanes.[1] It has been classified in three different ways.[2]S. Globosa are marine animals that belong to the class Holothuroidea, belonging to the higher classification of Echinozoa, which contains both sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Scotoplanes globosa was first described by Hjalmar Théel, a Swedish scientist. Scotoplanes globosa, along with numerous other Holothuroidea were discovered by Théel during an expedition on the H.M.S Challenger between the years of 1873-1876. Scotoplanes Globosa was officially described in 1882, 6 to 9 years after its first sighting.
Contents
1 Ecology
2 Anatomy
2.1 Locomotion
3 Distribution and Habitat
4 Diet
5 References
Ecology
Scotoplanes globosa is most closely related to Peniagone sp. and is also closely related to Cucumaria miniata, commonly known as the Red Sea Cucumber. Scotoplanes globosa descends from Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, commonly known as the Green Sea Urchin.[3]
Congregations of smaller Scotoplanes globosa are often observed on the ocean floor in groups of 10 to 30.[4] However, groups of Scotoplanes globosa have been observed to be as many as 600 individuals in one congregation. A congregation of Scotoplanes globosa is called a “trawl”. These groups of Scotoplanes globosa often appear to all be facing in one direction, into the ocean current. It is believed that this behavior aids the S. globosa in being able to detect the richest deep-sea feeding sites. S. Globosa has also been observed to be the host of multiple deep-sea parasites, such as the small gastropods Stilapex and Crinolamia, and various parasitic crustaceans.[5] These parasites typically bore small holes into the body wall of S. globosa. Scotoplanes globosa are also often accompanied by a symbiotic lithodid crab, the Neolithodes diomedea.[6] It is believed that approximately 22% of Scotoplanes globosa are attended by at least one of these crabs.[6] At this time, scientists are unsure whether the relationship between S. globosa and N. diomedea is mutualistic or commensal.[6]
Anatomy
Scotoplanes globosa is typically 2 to 15 cm in length and appear to be a translucent white color.[7]S. globosa is covered in tube-like feet which are used in locomotion.[7] The tube-like structures found on top of the Scotoplanes globosa are also feet, as opposed to antennae. Scientists are still unsure whether these upper-tube-feet are used in locomotion or used as sensory accessories. They are quite buoyant and are easily displaced by strong currents.
Locomotion
Scotoplanes globosa has a soft, round body with five-to-seven pairs of long, tube-like limbs extending from its body.[7]S. globosa uses these limbs for locomotion. They “walk” along the ocean floor using muscle constrictions to push fluid in and out the tube feet cavities.[7]Scotoplanes is the only genus of holothurians that have been observed to "walk" in this manner.
Distribution and Habitat
Scotoplanes globosa are found in almost all deep-sea regions in the world. Specifically, S. globosa live on the abyssal plain. They are commonly found off the coast of San Diego, as well as in the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.[4]Scotoplanes globosa typically live at depths of over 1000 meters, and have been found in the deepest locations in the ocean.
Diet
Scotoplanes globosa is a deposit feeder, eating detritus which has sunk to the ocean floor. Scotoplanes globosa has been observed to strongly prefer consuming fresh, recently fallen (approximately within the last 100 days) sediments on the surface of the ocean floor as opposed to older sediments.[8] These freshly-fallen sediments are more nutrient-rich. Scotoplanes globosa captures food through its mucous-covered tentacles which surround their mouth.[8]Scotoplanes globosa is also known to congregate around the carcasses of whales which have fallen to the seafloor.[9] It has been discovered that S. globosa utilizes olfaction to locate deep-sea whale carcasses as well as nutrient-rich food sources.[9] These whale carcasses are extremely nutrient-rich and attract many deep-sea creatures, including Scotoplanes globosa.[9]
References
^ "Sea Pig - Scotoplanes globosa - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Eol.org. Retrieved 2017-03-09..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ "Sea Pig - Scotoplanes globosa - Classifications - Encyclopedia of Life". Eol.org. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
^ Takano, Tsuyoshi; Ijichi, Minoru; Itoh, Hajime; Fukuda, Hideki; Yoshizawa, Susumu (2018-11-26). "Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of a deep-sea holothurian species of the genus Scotoplanes (Elasipodida: Elpidiidae)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 4 (1): 112–113. doi:10.1080/23802359.2018.1536462. ISSN 2380-2359.
^ ab Smith, Craig R.; Hamilton, Susan C. (September 1983). "Epibenthic megafauna of a bathyal basin off southern California: patterns of abundance, biomass, and dispersion". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers. 30 (9): 907–928. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(83)90048-1. ISSN 0198-0149.
^ Takano, Tsuyoshi; Itoh, Hajime; Kano, Yasunori (2018-07-03). "DNA-based identification of an echinoderm host for a deep-sea parasitic snail (Gastropoda: Eulimidae)". Molluscan Research. 38 (3): 212–217. doi:10.1080/13235818.2017.1372865. ISSN 1323-5818.
^ abc Barry, James P.; Taylor, Josi R.; Kuhnz, Linda A.; De Vogelaere, Andrew P. (2016-10-15). "Symbiosis between the holothurianScotoplanessp. A and the lithodid crabNeolithodes diomedeaeon a featureless bathyal sediment plain". Marine Ecology. 38 (2): e12396. doi:10.1111/maec.12396. ISSN 0173-9565.
^ abcd Hansen, Bent (June 1972). "Photographic evidence of a unique type of walking in deep-sea holothurians". Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. 19 (6): 461–IN3. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(72)90056-3. ISSN 0011-7471.
^ ab Miller, Robert J.; Smith, Craig R.; Demaster, David J.; Fornes, William L. (2000-07-01). "Feeding selectivity and rapid particle processing by deep-sea megafaunal deposit feeders: A 234Th tracer approach". Journal of Marine Research. 58 (4): 653–673. doi:10.1357/002224000321511061.
^ abc Lundsten, Lonny; Schlining, Kyra L.; Frasier, Kaitlin; Johnson, Shannon B.; Kuhnz, Linda A.; Harvey, Julio B.J.; Clague, Gillian; Vrijenhoek, Robert C. (December 2010). "Time-series analysis of six whale-fall communities in Monterey Canyon, California, USA". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 57 (12): 1573–1584. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.09.003. ISSN 0967-0637.
