Crater (constellation) Contents Mythology Characteristics Features Notes References External links Navigation menu1998JBAA..108....9R1998JBAA..108...79RStar Myths of the Greeks and Romans: A Sourcebook"AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網""Corvus and Crater""Tahitian astronomy""Constellations: Andromeda–Indus"1922PA.....30..469R"Crater, Constellation Boundary"The Photographic Atlas of the Stars"The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale"1804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this source1109.54762011A&A...535A..59B10.1051/0004-6361/2011174792002yCat.2237....0D1804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this source1412.46342015A&A...574A.116R10.1051/0004-6361/20132236010722/2152771507.014662015AJ....150...88L10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/881307.80472013MNRAS.435.2077H10.1093/mnras/stt14331804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this sourceastro-ph/00106452001MNRAS.322..891B10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04203.xGo-To Telescopes Under Suburban Skies1311.71412014MNRAS.437.1216D10.1093/mnras/stt1932"Gamma Crateris"1804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this sourceThe Star Atlas Companion: What You Need to Know about the Constellations1999MSS...C05....0H2004A&A...421..241S10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-11208.20372012MNRAS.427..343M10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.xOnline data1804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this source1988mcts.book.....Hastro-ph/00033292000ApJ...539..732A10.1086/309278astro-ph/00122892001A&A...367..521P10.1051/0004-6361:20000451"The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog"2001AJ....122.3466M10.1086/3239201998AJ....116..782E10.1086/3004652003AJ....125.1980K10.1086/3682411804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this source"Variables: What Are They and Why Observe Them?""General catalogue of variable stars: Version GCVS 5.1"2017ARep...61...80S10.1134/S10637729170100851063-77291804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this source0801.47032008ApJ...681..543S10.1086/5866990708.17522007A&A...474..653V10.1051/0004-6361:2007835710.3847/1538-4357/aad81b1303.29482013ApJ...767..173H10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/1730904.27862009PASP..121..613P10.1086/5998625998621804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this source1211.64442013A&A...551A..90M10.1051/0004-6361/2012196391804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this source2000ApJ...545..504B10.1086/3177961012.22782011A&A...526A.130S10.1051/0004-6361/2010159921804.093652018A&A...616A...1G10.1051/0004-6361/201833051Gaia DR2 record for this source1601.071782016MNRAS.459.2370T10.1093/mnras/stw733"Never-before-seen galaxy spotted orbiting the Milky Way"1,001 Celestial Wonders to See Before You Die: The Best Sky Objects for Star Gazers"A Galactic Gem - ESO's FORS2 instrument captures stunning details of spiral galaxy NGC 3981"1982ApJ...257..389T10.1086/1599990004-637X"Chandra & XMM-Newton Provide Direct Measurement of Distant Black Hole's Spin""The signature of supernova ejecta measured in the X-ray afterglow of the Gamma Ray Burst 011211"astro-ph/02040752002Natur.416..512R10.1038/416512a11932738the original10.1051/0004-6361:20040086David Levy's Guide to Observing Meteor ShowersThe Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: CraterWarburg Institute Iconographic Database (over 150 medieval and early modern images of Crater)The clickable Cratereeeeee11h 00m 00s, −16° 00′ 00″

Crater (constellation)ConstellationsSouthern constellationsConstellations listed by Ptolemy


constellationsouthern celestial hemispherelatinizationGreekcupwinePtolemyApolloHydrastarmagnitudeDelta CraterisAlpha Craterisgiant starsSunBeta Craterisbinary starwhite dwarfplanetsgalaxiesCrater 2NGC 3981quasarBabylonian star cataloguesCorvusNingishzidaunderworldMUL.APINMithraismGreek mythologyApolloPhylarchusTroyChinese astronomyVermillion Bird of the Southlunar mansionSociety IslandsLeoVirgoSextansInternational Astronomical UnionEugène Delporteequatorial coordinate systemright ascensiondeclinationsouthern celestial hemisphere65°NJohann BayeralphalambdaPsi CraterisJohn FlamsteedFlamsteed designationsDeltaAlphaGamma CraterisNu Hydraeapparent magnitudelight-yearsgiant starspectral typemassive as the SunSun's radiusas the Suneffective temperatureBeta Craterisbinary starwhite dwarfHubble Space Telescopedouble starwhite main sequence starorange dwarfEpsilonZeta CraterisevolvedK-typestellar classificationred clumpSirius superclusterUrsa Major Moving Groupopen clusterR Craterissemiregular variable starspectral classificationTT Crateriscataclysmic variableaccretion diskSZ CraterisBY DraconisHD 98800debris diskastronomical unitsprotoplanetary diskDENIS-P J1058.7-1548brown dwarfHD 96167eccentricHD 98649radial velocity methodBD-10°3166hot Jupiterminimum massJupiterWASP-34Crater 2 dwarfNGC 3511spiral galaxyNGC 3513barred spiral galaxyNGC 3981NGC 4038 GroupNGC 3672NGC 3887Virgo SuperclusterRX J1131quasarGRB 011211gamma-ray burstX-ray astronomyBeppoSAXGRB 030323





Constellation




































Crater
Constellation

Crater
List of stars in Crater

AbbreviationCrt
GenitiveCrateris
Pronunciation
/ˈkreɪtər/,
genitive /krəˈtiːrɪs/
Symbolismthe cup
Right ascension 11h
Declination−16°
QuadrantSQ2
Area282 sq. deg. (53rd)
Main stars4

Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		12
Stars with planets
7
Stars brighter than 3.00m0
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)0
Brightest star
δ Crt (Labrum) (3.57m)
Messier objects0
Meteor showersEta Craterids
Bordering
constellations
Leo
Sextans
Hydra
Corvus
Virgo

Visible at latitudes between +65° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of April.

Crater is a small constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is the latinization of the Greek krater, a type of cup used to water down wine. One of the 48 constellations listed by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy, it depicts a cup that has been associated with the god Apollo and is perched on the back of Hydra the water snake.


There is no star brighter than third magnitude in the constellation. Its two brightest stars, Delta Crateris of magnitude 3.56 and Alpha Crateris of magnitude 4.07, are ageing orange giant stars that are cooler and larger than the Sun. Beta Crateris is a binary star system composed of a white giant star and a white dwarf. Seven star systems have been found to host planets. A few galaxies, including Crater 2 and NGC 3981, and a quasar lie within the borders of the constellation.




Contents





  • 1 Mythology

    • 1.1 In other cultures



  • 2 Characteristics


  • 3 Features

    • 3.1 Stars


    • 3.2 Deep-sky objects


    • 3.3 Meteor showers



  • 4 Notes


  • 5 References


  • 6 External links




Mythology




Corvus, Crater and other constellations seen around Hydra. From Urania's Mirror (1825)


In the Babylonian star catalogues dating from at least 1100 BC, the stars of Crater were possibly incorporated with those of the crow Corvus in the Babylonian Raven (MUL.UGA.MUSHEN). British scientist John H. Rogers observed that the adjoining constellation Hydra signified Ningishzida, the god of the underworld in the Babylonian compendium MUL.APIN. He proposed that Corvus and Crater (along with the water snake Hydra) were death symbols and marked the gate to the underworld.[1] Corvus and Crater also featured in the iconography of Mithraism, which is thought to have been of middle-eastern origin before spreading into Ancient Greece and Rome.[2]


Crater is identified with a story from Greek mythology in which a crow or raven serves Apollo, and is sent to fetch water, but it delays its journey as it finds some figs and waits for them to ripen before eating. Finally it retrieves the water in a cup, and takes back a water snake, blaming it for drinking the water.[3] According to the myth, Apollo saw through the fraud, and angrily cast the crow, cup, and snake, into the sky.[4] The three constellations were arranged in such a way that the crow was prevented from drinking from the cup, and hence seen as a warning against sinning against the gods.[3]


Phylarchus wrote of a different origin for Crater. He told how the city of Eleusa near Troy was beset by plague. Its ruler Demiphon consulted an oracle who decreed that a maiden would be sacrificed each year. Demiphon declared that he would choose a maiden by lottery, but did not include his own daughters. One noble, Mastusius, objected, so Demiphon sacrificed his daughter. Later, Mastusius killed Demiphon's daughters and fed the ruler a mixture of their blood and wine from a cup. Upon finding out the deed, the king ordered Mastusius and the cup to be thrown into the sea. Crater signifies the cup.[3]



In other cultures


In Chinese astronomy, the stars of Crater are located within the constellation of the Vermillion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, Nán Fāng Zhū Què).[5] They depict, along with some stars from Hydra, Yi, the Red Bird's wings. Yi also denotes the 27th lunar mansion. Alternatively, Yi depicts a heroic bowman; his bow composed of other stars in Hydra.[6] In the Society Islands, Crater was recognized as a constellation called Moana-'ohu-noa-'ei-ha'a-moe-hara ("vortex-ocean-in-which-to-lose-crime").[7]



Characteristics


Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area.[8] It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'.[9] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between  10h 51m 14s and  11h 56m 24s, while the declination coordinates are between −6.66° and −25.20°.[10] Its position in the southern celestial hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 65°N.[8][a]



Features




The constellation Crater as it can be seen by the naked eye.



Stars


Main article: List of stars in Crater

The German cartographer Johann Bayer used the Greek letters alpha through lambda to label the most prominent stars in the constellation. Bode added more, though only Psi Crateris remains in use. John Flamsteed gave 31 stars in Crater and the segment of Hydra immediately below Crater Flamsteed designations, naming the resulting constellation Hydra et Crater. Most of these stars lie in Hydra.[11] The three brightest stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—form a triangle located near the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra.[12] Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.[b][8]


Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away,[14] it is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to 22.44 ± 0.28 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 171.4 ± 9.0 as much power as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 4,408 ± 57 K.[15] Traditionally called Alkes "the cup",[16][c] and marking the base of the cup is Alpha Crateris,[3] an orange-hued star of magnitude 4.1,[17] that is 141 ± 2 light-years from the Sun.[18] With an estimated mass 1.75 ± 0.24 times that of the Sun, it has exhausted its core hydrogen and expanded to 13.2 ± 0.55 times the Sun's diameter,[19] shining with 69 times its luminosity and an effective temperature of around 4600 K.[20]


With a magnitude of 4.5, Beta Crateris is a binary star system, consisting of a white-hued giant star of spectral type A1III and a white dwarf of spectral type DA1.4,[21] 296 ± 8 light-years from the Sun.[22] Much smaller than the primary, the white dwarf cannot be seen as a separate object, even by the Hubble Space Telescope.[23] Gamma Crateris is a double star, resolvable in small amateur telescopes.[24] The primary is a white main sequence star of spectral type A7V, that is an estimated 1.81 times as massive as the Sun,[25] while the secondary—of magnitude 9.6—has 75% the Sun's mass,[25] and is likely an orange dwarf. The two stars take at least 1150 years to orbit each other.[26] The system is 85.6 ± 0.8 light-years away from the Sun.[27]


Epsilon and Zeta Crateris mark the Cup's rim.[3] The largest naked eye star in the constellation,[28] Epsilon Crateris is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K5 III.[29] It has about the same mass as the Sun, but has expanded to 44.7 times the Sun's radius.[30] The star is radiating 391 times the solar luminosity.[31] It is 366 ± 8 light-years distant from the Sun.[32] Zeta Crateris is a binary star system. The primary, component A, is a magnitude 4.95 evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III.[33] It is a red clump star that is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core.[34] Zeta Crateris has expanded to 13 times the radius of the Sun,[35] and shines with 157 times the luminosity of the Sun.[31] The secondary, component B, is a magnitude 7.84 star.[36] Zeta Crateris is a confirmed member of the Sirius supercluster[37] and is a candidate member of the Ursa Major Moving Group, a collection of stars that share a similar motion through space and may have at one time been members of the same open cluster.[38] The system is located 326 ± 9 light-years from the Sun.[39]


Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers, their observations providing valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour.[40] Located near Alkes is the red-hued R Crateris,[12] a semiregular variable star of type SRb and a spectral classification of M7. It ranges from magnitude 9.8 to 11.2 over an optical period of 160 days.[41] It is 770 ± 40 light-years distant from the Sun.[42]TT Crateris is a cataclysmic variable; a binary system composed of a white dwarf around as massive as the Sun in close orbit with an orange dwarf of spectral type K5V. The two orbit each other every 6 hours 26 minutes. The white dwarf strips matter off its companion, forming an accretion disk which periodically ignites and erupts. The star system has a magnitude of 15.9 when quiescent, brightening to 12.7 in outburst.[43]SZ Crateris is a magnitude 8.5 BY Draconis type variable star. It is a nearby star system located about 42.9 ± 1.0 light-years from the Sun,[44] and is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group.[38]


HD 98800, also known as TV Crateris, is a quadruple star system around 7–10 million years old, made up of two pairs of stars in close orbit. One pair has a debris disk that contains dust and gas orbiting the both. Spanning the distance between 3 and 5 astronomical units from the stars, it is thought to be a protoplanetary disk.[45]DENIS-P J1058.7-1548 is a brown dwarf less than 5.5% as massive as the Sun. With a surface temperature of between 1700 and 2000 K, it is cool enough for clouds to form. Variations in its brightness in visible and infrared spectra suggest it has some form of atmospheric cloud cover.[46]


HD 96167 is a star 1.31 ± 0.09 times as massive as the Sun, that has most likely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling into a yellow subgiant with a diameter 1.86 ± 0.07 times that of the Sun, and 3.4 ± 0.2 times its luminosity. Analysis of its radial velocity revealed it has a planet with a minimum mass 68% that of Jupiter, which takes 498.9 ± 1.0 days to complete an orbit. With the orbital separation varying between 0.38 and 2.22 astronomical units, the orbit is highly eccentric.[47] The stellar system is 279 ± 1 light-years away from the Sun.[48]HD 98649 is a yellow main sequence star, classified as a G4V, that has the same mass and diameter as the Sun, but has only 86% of its luminosity. In 2012, a long-period ( 4951+607
−465 days) planet companion, at least 6.8 times as massive as Jupiter, was discovered by radial velocity method. Its orbit was calculated to be highly eccentric, swinging out to 10.6 astronomical units away from its star, and hence a candidate for direct imaging.[49]BD-10°3166 is a metallic orange main sequence star of spectral type K3.0V, 268 ± 10 light-years distant from the Sun.[50] It was found to have a hot Jupiter-type planet that has a minimum mass of 48% of Jupiter's, and takes only 3.49 days to complete an orbit.[51]WASP-34 is a sun-like star of spectral type G5V that has 1.01 ± 0.07 times the mass and 0.93 ± 0.12 times the diameter of the Sun. It has a planet 0.59 ± 0.01 times as massive as Jupiter that takes 4.317 days to complete an orbit.[52] The system is 432 ± 3 light-years distant from the Sun.[53]



Deep-sky objects




NGC 3981


The Crater 2 dwarf is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way,[54] located approximately 380,000 light-years from the Sun.[55]NGC 3511 is a spiral galaxy seen nearly edge-on, of magnitude 11.0, located 2° west of Beta Crateris. Located 11' away is NGC 3513, a barred spiral galaxy.[56]NGC 3981 is a spiral galaxy with two wide and perturbed spiral arms.[57] It is a member of the NGC 4038 Group, which, along with NGC 3672 and NGC 3887, are part of a group of 45 galaxies known as the Crater Cloud within the Virgo Supercluster.[58]


RX J1131 is a quasar located 6 billion light-years away from the Sun. The black hole in the center of the quasar was the first black hole whose spin has ever been directly measured.[59]GRB 011211 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on December 11, 2001. The burst lasted 270 seconds, making it the longest burst that had ever been detected by X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX up to that point.[60]GRB 030323 lasted 26 seconds, and was detected on 23 March 2003.[61]



Meteor showers


The Eta Craterids are a faint meteor shower that takes place between 11 and 22 January, peaking around January 16 and 17.[62]



Notes




  1. ^ While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the 65°N and 83°N, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.[8]


  2. ^ Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.[13]


  3. ^ from Arabic الكأس alka's[16]




References




  1. ^ Rogers, John H. (1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 108: 9–28. Bibcode:1998JBAA..108....9R..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


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  3. ^ abcde Condos, Theony (1997). Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans: A Sourcebook. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Phanes Press. pp. 119–23. ISBN 9781609256784.


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  9. ^ Russell, Henry Norris (1922). "The New International Symbols for the constellations". Popular Astronomy. 30: 469. Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R.


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  11. ^ Wagman, Morton (2003). Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. pp. 121–23, 390–92, 506–07. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6.


  12. ^ ab Arnold, H.J.P; Doherty, Paul; Moore, Patrick (1999). The Photographic Atlas of the Stars. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7503-0654-6.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)


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  16. ^ ab Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern Star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.


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  19. ^ Reffert, Sabine; Bergmann, Christoph; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Trifonov, Trifon; Künstler, Andreas (2015). "Precise radial velocities of giant stars. VII. Occurrence rate of giant extrasolar planets as a function of mass and metallicity". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 574: 13. arXiv:1412.4634. Bibcode:2015A&A...574A.116R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322360. hdl:10722/215277. A116.


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  22. ^ Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.
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  25. ^ ab De Rosa, R. J.; Patience, J.; Wilson, P. A.; Schneider, A.; Wiktorowicz, S. J.; Vigan, A.; Marois, C.; Song, I.; MacIntosh, B.; Graham, J. R.; Doyon, R.; Bessell, M. S.; Thomas, S.; Lai, O. (2013). "The VAST Survey – III. The multiplicity of A-type stars within 75 pc". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437 (2): 1216. arXiv:1311.7141. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437.1216D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1932.


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    Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.


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External links




  • The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Crater

  • Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (over 150 medieval and early modern images of Crater)

  • The clickable Crater




Coordinates: Sky map11h 00m 00s, −16° 00′ 00″







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