This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
‹ The template Infobox gene is being considered for merging. ›
• positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process • inflammatory response • innate immune response • positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion • immune system process • apoptotic process • negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP2 gene.[5][6][7]
NALP proteins, such as NALP2, are characterized by an N-terminal pyrin domain (PYD) and are involved in the activation of caspase-1 (CASP1; MIM 147678) by Toll-like receptors(see TLR4). They may also be involved in protein complexes that activate proinflammatory caspases (Tschopp et al., 2003).[supplied by OMIM][7][8]
Contents
1Function
2Discovery
3Mutation and infertility
4References
5Further reading
Function
The NLRP2 gene is one of the family members of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR). Information from many literature sources indicates that an N-terminal pyrin effector domain (PYD) is one of the components of the NLRP2 gene. Other components include a centrally-located nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NACHT) and C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRR).[9] The products of NLRP2 gene are known to interact with IkB kinase (IKK) complex components. It can also regulate the activities of both caspase-1 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB). The pyrin domain is essential and adequate to suppress the activities of NF-kB (Minkiewicz, de Rivero Vaccari and Keane 1113). An allelic variant (rs147585490) is known to block the NF-kB transcriptional activities. NLRP2 gene is one of the NLR family; it is believed to contribute to the regulation of immune responses (Minkiewicz, de Rivero Vaccari and Keane 1121). Although it is not well understood, the NLRP2 gene is responsible for maintaining fertility in females and contributes to the normal birth. The NPRP2 gene encodes for a human protein known as “NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 2”.[10] NALP2, which is one of the NALP proteins, has an N-terminal pyrin characterization also encoded as MIM 608107 and PYD domain.[11] The NALP2 protein has a role in the activation process of caspase-1, which is encoded as CASP1; MIM 147678. The activation process occurs through the Toll-like receptors. The NALP2 may also take part in protein complexes, which initiates the activation of proinflammatory caspases.[12] NLR family regulates the functioning of the immune system, which technically compromises the normal functions of the body including reproduction.
Discovery
The NLR gene family where the NLRP2 gene belongs was first extracted from zebrafish, which is a common specimen for the study of immune systems. The NLRP2 gene is believed to have originated from the NLR gene family through mutation.[13] The mutation was initiated by the need for organisms to fit a dynamic environment and diversification in the evolution stages.[14] Also, the mutation of the NLR gene family proteins was also due to the ability of pathogens to subvert the defense mechanism of the host.[15] Therefore, the organisms were forced to device new ways of detecting and counteracting the effects of the resistant pathogens.[16] The evolution of the NLR proteins defines the origin of the NLRP2 gene. The NLRP2 gene is now an innate immune sensor for pathogens and sterile stress signal (SSS) in multi-cellular organisms.
Mutation and infertility
The deficiency of NLRP2 gene results in the inhibition of the activation of oocytes.[17] The NLRP2 gene is exclusively expressed in oocytes. Therefore, it regulates the quality of the oocytes, which explains its relation to infertility in females.[18]
^Tschopp J, Martinon F, Burns K (February 2003). "NALPs: a novel protein family involved in inflammation". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 4 (2): 95–104. doi:10.1038/nrm1019. PMID 12563287.
^Bertin J, DiStefano PS (December 2000). "The PYRIN domain: a novel motif found in apoptosis and inflammation proteins". Cell Death and Differentiation. 7 (12): 1273–4. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400774. PMID 11270363.
^"NLRP2 NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". NCBI.
^Minkiewicz J, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW (July 2013). "Human astrocytes express a novel NLRP2 inflammasome". Glia. 61 (7): 1113–21. doi:10.1002/glia.22499. PMID 23625868.
^Acharya S, Saha S, Pradhan P (December 2018). "Novel symmetry-based gene-gene dissimilarity measures utilizing Gene Ontology: Application in gene clustering". Gene. 679: 341–351. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.062. PMID 30184472.
^Peng H, Liu H, Liu F, Gao Y, Chen J, Huo J, Han J, Xiao T, Zhang W (September 2017). "NLRP2 and FAF1 deficiency blocks early embryogenesis in the mouse". Reproduction. 154 (3): 245–251. doi:10.1530/REP-16-0629. PMID 28630100.
^Vizlin-Hodzic D, Zhai Q, Illes S, Södersten K, Truvé K, Parris TZ, et al. (January 2017). "Early onset of inflammation during ontogeny of bipolar disorder: the NLRP2 inflammasome gene distinctly differentiates between patients and healthy controls in the transition between iPS cell and neural stem cell stages". Translational Psychiatry. 7 (1): e1010. doi:10.1038/tp.2016.284. PMC 5545741. PMID 28117838.
^Acharya S, Saha S, Pradhan P (December 2018). "Novel symmetry-based gene-gene dissimilarity measures utilizing Gene Ontology: Application in gene clustering". Gene. 679: 341–351. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.062. PMID 30184472.
^Yang Y, Lang X, Sun S, Gao C, Hu J, Ding S, Li J, Li Y, Wang F, Gong T (November 2018). "NLRP2 negatively regulates antiviral immunity by interacting with TBK1". European Journal of Immunology. 48 (11): 1817–1825. doi:10.1002/eji.201847589. PMID 30183071.
^Minkiewicz J, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW (July 2013). "Human astrocytes express a novel NLRP2 inflammasome". Glia. 61 (7): 1113–21. doi:10.1002/glia.22499. PMID 23625868.
^Mahadevan S, Sathappan V, Utama B, Lorenzo I, Kaskar K, Van den Veyver IB (April 2017). "Erratum: Maternally expressed NLRP2 links the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) to fertility, embryogenesis and epigenetic reprogramming". Scientific Reports. 7: 46434. doi:10.1038/srep46434. PMC 5395947. PMID 28422141.
^Minkiewicz J, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW (July 2013). "Human astrocytes express a novel NLRP2 inflammasome". Glia. 61 (7): 1113–21. doi:10.1002/glia.22499. PMID 23625868.
^Acharya S, Saha S, Pradhan P (December 2018). "Novel symmetry-based gene-gene dissimilarity measures utilizing Gene Ontology: Application in gene clustering". Gene. 679: 341–351. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.062. PMID 30184472.
Teng SC, Wu KJ, Tseng SF, Wong CW, Kao L (September 2006). "Importin KPNA2, NBS1, DNA repair and tumorigenesis". Journal of Molecular Histology. 37 (5–7): 293–9. doi:10.1007/s10735-006-9032-y. PMID 16752129.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
Martinon F, Hofmann K, Tschopp J (February 2001). "The pyrin domain: a possible member of the death domain-fold family implicated in apoptosis and inflammation". Current Biology. 11 (4): R118–20. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00056-2. PMID 11250163.
Wang L, Manji GA, Grenier JM, Al-Garawi A, Merriam S, Lora JM, Geddes BJ, Briskin M, DiStefano PS, Bertin J (August 2002). "PYPAF7, a novel PYRIN-containing Apaf1-like protein that regulates activation of NF-kappa B and caspase-1-dependent cytokine processing". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (33): 29874–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203915200. PMID 12019269.
Grenier JM, Wang L, Manji GA, Huang WJ, Al-Garawi A, Kelly R, Carlson A, Merriam S, Lora JM, Briskin M, DiStefano PS, Bertin J (October 2002). "Functional screening of five PYPAF family members identifies PYPAF5 as a novel regulator of NF-kappaB and caspase-1". FEBS Letters. 530 (1–3): 73–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03416-6. PMID 12387869.
Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, McDermott MF, Hawkins PN, Tschopp J (March 2004). "NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder". Immunity. 20 (3): 319–25. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00046-9. PMID 15030775.
Bruey JM, Bruey-Sedano N, Newman R, Chandler S, Stehlik C, Reed JC (December 2004). "PAN1/NALP2/PYPAF2, an inducible inflammatory mediator that regulates NF-kappaB and caspase-1 activation in macrophages". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (50): 51897–907. doi:10.1074/jbc.M406741200. PMID 15456791.
Kinoshita T, Wang Y, Hasegawa M, Imamura R, Suda T (June 2005). "PYPAF3, a PYRIN-containing APAF-1-like protein, is a feedback regulator of caspase-1-dependent interleukin-1beta secretion". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (23): 21720–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M410057200. PMID 15817483.
Rink L, Slupianek A, Stoklosa T, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Urbanska K, Seferynska I, Reiss K, Skorski T (July 2007). "Enhanced phosphorylation of Nbs1, a member of DNA repair/checkpoint complex Mre11-RAD50-Nbs1, can be targeted to increase the efficacy of imatinib mesylate against BCR/ABL-positive leukemia cells". Blood. 110 (2): 651–60. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-08-042630. PMC 1924483. PMID 17431132.
v
t
e
NOD-like receptor family
CARD domain containing
NOD1/NLRC1
NOD2/NLRC2
NLRC3
NLRC4
NLRC5
Pyrin domain containing
NLRP1
NLRP2
NLRP3
NLRP4
NLRP5
NLRP6
NLRP7
NLRP8
NLRP9
NLRP10
NLRP11
NLRP12
NLRP13
NLRP14
Apoptosis inhibitory protein
NAIP
Family member X1
NLRX1
This article on a gene on human chromosome 19 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
2009 crimes in AustraliaPeople convicted of incestRape in AustraliaChild abuse incidents and cases Victoria Police Moe, Victoria, Australiarapedphysically abusedviolencediedallegationsNews LimitedinvestigateMelbournedevelopmental problemsintellectually disabledspeech impedimentbirth certificateschargedsexual abuseDNA testspleadedguiltyincestindecent assaultcommon assaultsentencingimprisonmentparolesex offender registryappeal The Moe incest case emerged in February 2007 when a woman, identified as M for legal reasons, reported to Victoria Police in the town of Moe, Victoria, Australia that her 63-year-old father, RSJ, had raped, [1] [2] physically abused, and kept her a virtual prisoner in her own home between 1977 and 2005. Police had known about the alleged abuse since 2005, when M first came forward, but could not act because she did not want to cooperate after her father threatened violence against her mother and siblings. The J family had been known to authorities for more than ...
FrenchArabicFrenchAir TamajeqChadian ArabicDazaKaadoTamahaqStandardArabicEnglishDazaDinkaDoniFurKadugliKangaKeigaKrongoTemeinTeseTulishiTumtumZaghawaAcheronAmiraDengebuEbangJomangKatlaKoKwalibLaroLogolLumunMoroNdingNgileShirumbaTagoiTegaliTegemTimaTiroTochoToronaUtoroWarnangBejaDomariSudanese ArabicSudanese Sign LanguagesBertiZaghawa Tebu languagesSaharan languagesLanguages of ChadLanguages of NigerToubou people Nilo-Saharan languageDaza peopleChadGouranDjurab DesertBorkouFaya-LargeauTibesti MountainsChadNigerN'guigmiLibyaSudanOmdurmanJeddahSaudi ArabiaTedaga languageTedaToubou peopleSabhaSaharanKanuri languageKanembu languageTebu languagesZaghawa languageBerti languageFrenchArabicliterary languagebilingualHausaZarmaTuaregromanisation Not to be confused with Dazawa language. "Goran language" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani) or Gora dialect. Daza Dazaga Native to Chad, Niger, Sudan, Libya Region Chad, BET Region, bahr el Gazel R...
BangladeshBhutanChinaIndiaIndonesiaIsraelJapanMalaysiaPakistanRussiaBIMSTECSouth Asia Co-operative Environment ProgrammeSouth Asian Economic UnionSAARCEuropean UnionForeign aid to NepalDiplomatic missions ofin NepalBhupalisNepal citizenship lawNepalese diplomats Government ministries of NepalForeign affairs ministries external affairsFederal Democratic Republic of NepalIndiaFranceBirgunjTripureshwor, Kathmandu Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Ministry of Foreign Sh foreign ministry Building of Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal) Coat of arms of Nepal Agency overview Jurisdiction Nepal and its diplomatic missions worldwide Agency executives Pradeep Kumar Gyawali, Minister for Foreign Affairs Shanker Das Bairagi, Foreign Secretary Website mofa.gov.np The Nepalese Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Nepali: परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय ) abbreviated as MoFA is responsible for conducting exte...
