How did the definition of complex logarithm evolve since Cotes (1682-1716)? The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InDifference between the formula of Roger Cotes and EulerWhere did the word “logarithm” come from?Complex LogarithmBranch cut for $log (iz)$ in the region $z:mathrmIm(z)>0$complex logarithmLogarithm rules for complex numbersWhat did “logarithm” initially mean?Deriving definition of the complex logarithmDifference between the formula of Roger Cotes and EulerFor which complex $a,,b,,c$ does $(a^b)^c=a^bc$ hold?Complex numbers and logarithm
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How did the definition of complex logarithm evolve since Cotes (1682-1716)?
The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InDifference between the formula of Roger Cotes and EulerWhere did the word “logarithm” come from?Complex LogarithmBranch cut for $log (iz)$ in the region $z:mathrmIm(z)>0$complex logarithmLogarithm rules for complex numbersWhat did “logarithm” initially mean?Deriving definition of the complex logarithmDifference between the formula of Roger Cotes and EulerFor which complex $a,,b,,c$ does $(a^b)^c=a^bc$ hold?Complex numbers and logarithm
$begingroup$
notes:
This is a
math-historyquestion and Roger Cotes only used complex logarithms some time between 1682 -1716. Sir Cotes was a contemporary of Sir Isaac Newton.When he died, Newton is said to have said "If he had lived we would have known something."
History of the Exponential and Logarithmic Concepts Cajori, Florian, 1939; Amer. Math. Mon. 20, 2 (Feb 1913) pp. 35-47 contains both discussion of and passages by several mathematicians of the time, including Leibnitz, John Bernoulli I, Euler, Newton and Cotes.
I came to this after watching the Mathologer video "Euler's real identity NOT e to the i pi = -1"
From the question Difference between the formula of Roger Cotes and Euler:
Euler: $e^ix = cos x+i sin x$
Cotes: $ix = ln(cos x + isin x)$
The answer (in full):
The problem is that the complex logarithm is multivalued under the current definition. Therefore Cotes' formula is not really true anymore, but it was when he got it.
This raises the question How has the definition of the complex logarithm evolved since Cotes?
I assume the answer suggests that log was single valued in Cotes' time, since it is multivalued now. Was it in fact of the same general form as it is now but with a single breakpoint in $theta$?
Was it something like $ln(r) + itheta$ and $-pi lt theta le pi$ for example?
If not, please explain the change in the definition of logarithm from Cotes's time to now in such a way that someone with a basic working knowledge of complex numbers who's just read Wikipedia's Complex Logarithm could understand.
below: A plot of the multi-valued imaginary part of the complex logarithm function, which shows the branches. As a complex number z goes around the origin, the imaginary part of the logarithm goes up or down. This makes the origin a branch point of the function. From here.
complex-numbers logarithms math-history
asked Aug 16 '17 at 8:45
uhohuhoh
6071718
$endgroup$
|
show 10 more comments
$begingroup$
notes:
This is a
math-historyquestion and Roger Cotes only used complex logarithms some time between 1682 -1716. Sir Cotes was a contemporary of Sir Isaac Newton.When he died, Newton is said to have said "If he had lived we would have known something."
History of the Exponential and Logarithmic Concepts Cajori, Florian, 1939; Amer. Math. Mon. 20, 2 (Feb 1913) pp. 35-47 contains both discussion of and passages by several mathematicians of the time, including Leibnitz, John Bernoulli I, Euler, Newton and Cotes.
I came to this after watching the Mathologer video "Euler's real identity NOT e to the i pi = -1"
From the question Difference between the formula of Roger Cotes and Euler:
Euler: $e^ix = cos x+i sin x$
Cotes: $ix = ln(cos x + isin x)$
The answer (in full):
The problem is that the complex logarithm is multivalued under the current definition. Therefore Cotes' formula is not really true anymore, but it was when he got it.
This raises the question How has the definition of the complex logarithm evolved since Cotes?
I assume the answer suggests that log was single valued in Cotes' time, since it is multivalued now. Was it in fact of the same general form as it is now but with a single breakpoint in $theta$?
Was it something like $ln(r) + itheta$ and $-pi lt theta le pi$ for example?
If not, please explain the change in the definition of logarithm from Cotes's time to now in such a way that someone with a basic working knowledge of complex numbers who's just read Wikipedia's Complex Logarithm could understand.
below: A plot of the multi-valued imaginary part of the complex logarithm function, which shows the branches. As a complex number z goes around the origin, the imaginary part of the logarithm goes up or down. This makes the origin a branch point of the function. From here.
complex-numbers logarithms math-history
asked Aug 16 '17 at 8:45
uhohuhoh
6071718
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
$log(ab)= log(a)+log(b)+2ik pi$
$endgroup$
– reuns
Aug 18 '17 at 15:35
$begingroup$
@reuns I'm asking how the definition of log has changed over time. It seems it was single-valued in Cotes' time, so that would not yet have applied then, correct?
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
I would be skeptical that Cotes' formula is actually $ix = ln(cos(x) + i sin(x))$ -- it may be a translation into modern language, and things can be lost in translation.
$endgroup$
– Hurkyl
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
@Hurkyl I never said mymath-historyquestion was easy. I would not know where to begin, so I've asked for help here.
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
It might be worthwhile to ask this question on the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange hsm.stackexchange.com. See for example a perhaps related question hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/4907/… and some answers and comments which mention Cotes's work. Somebody there might know something about the evolution of the idea since Cotes. (And probably they would understand your question better, too.)
$endgroup$
– Zach Teitler
Nov 5 '17 at 4:55
|
show 10 more comments
$begingroup$
notes:
This is a
math-historyquestion and Roger Cotes only used complex logarithms some time between 1682 -1716. Sir Cotes was a contemporary of Sir Isaac Newton.When he died, Newton is said to have said "If he had lived we would have known something."
History of the Exponential and Logarithmic Concepts Cajori, Florian, 1939; Amer. Math. Mon. 20, 2 (Feb 1913) pp. 35-47 contains both discussion of and passages by several mathematicians of the time, including Leibnitz, John Bernoulli I, Euler, Newton and Cotes.
I came to this after watching the Mathologer video "Euler's real identity NOT e to the i pi = -1"
From the question Difference between the formula of Roger Cotes and Euler:
Euler: $e^ix = cos x+i sin x$
Cotes: $ix = ln(cos x + isin x)$
The answer (in full):
The problem is that the complex logarithm is multivalued under the current definition. Therefore Cotes' formula is not really true anymore, but it was when he got it.
This raises the question How has the definition of the complex logarithm evolved since Cotes?
I assume the answer suggests that log was single valued in Cotes' time, since it is multivalued now. Was it in fact of the same general form as it is now but with a single breakpoint in $theta$?
Was it something like $ln(r) + itheta$ and $-pi lt theta le pi$ for example?
If not, please explain the change in the definition of logarithm from Cotes's time to now in such a way that someone with a basic working knowledge of complex numbers who's just read Wikipedia's Complex Logarithm could understand.
below: A plot of the multi-valued imaginary part of the complex logarithm function, which shows the branches. As a complex number z goes around the origin, the imaginary part of the logarithm goes up or down. This makes the origin a branch point of the function. From here.
complex-numbers logarithms math-history
asked Aug 16 '17 at 8:45
uhohuhoh
6071718
$endgroup$
notes:
This is a
math-historyquestion and Roger Cotes only used complex logarithms some time between 1682 -1716. Sir Cotes was a contemporary of Sir Isaac Newton.When he died, Newton is said to have said "If he had lived we would have known something."
History of the Exponential and Logarithmic Concepts Cajori, Florian, 1939; Amer. Math. Mon. 20, 2 (Feb 1913) pp. 35-47 contains both discussion of and passages by several mathematicians of the time, including Leibnitz, John Bernoulli I, Euler, Newton and Cotes.
I came to this after watching the Mathologer video "Euler's real identity NOT e to the i pi = -1"
From the question Difference between the formula of Roger Cotes and Euler:
Euler: $e^ix = cos x+i sin x$
Cotes: $ix = ln(cos x + isin x)$
The answer (in full):
The problem is that the complex logarithm is multivalued under the current definition. Therefore Cotes' formula is not really true anymore, but it was when he got it.
This raises the question How has the definition of the complex logarithm evolved since Cotes?
I assume the answer suggests that log was single valued in Cotes' time, since it is multivalued now. Was it in fact of the same general form as it is now but with a single breakpoint in $theta$?
Was it something like $ln(r) + itheta$ and $-pi lt theta le pi$ for example?
If not, please explain the change in the definition of logarithm from Cotes's time to now in such a way that someone with a basic working knowledge of complex numbers who's just read Wikipedia's Complex Logarithm could understand.
below: A plot of the multi-valued imaginary part of the complex logarithm function, which shows the branches. As a complex number z goes around the origin, the imaginary part of the logarithm goes up or down. This makes the origin a branch point of the function. From here.
complex-numbers logarithms math-history
complex-numbers logarithms math-history
asked Aug 16 '17 at 8:45
uhohuhoh
6071718
asked Aug 16 '17 at 8:45
uhohuhoh
6071718
edited Mar 23 at 3:40
uhoh
asked Aug 16 '17 at 8:45
uhohuhoh
6071718
asked Aug 16 '17 at 8:45
uhohuhoh
6071718
asked Aug 16 '17 at 8:45
uhohuhoh
6071718
6071718
$begingroup$
$log(ab)= log(a)+log(b)+2ik pi$
$endgroup$
– reuns
Aug 18 '17 at 15:35
$begingroup$
@reuns I'm asking how the definition of log has changed over time. It seems it was single-valued in Cotes' time, so that would not yet have applied then, correct?
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
I would be skeptical that Cotes' formula is actually $ix = ln(cos(x) + i sin(x))$ -- it may be a translation into modern language, and things can be lost in translation.
$endgroup$
– Hurkyl
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
@Hurkyl I never said mymath-historyquestion was easy. I would not know where to begin, so I've asked for help here.
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
It might be worthwhile to ask this question on the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange hsm.stackexchange.com. See for example a perhaps related question hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/4907/… and some answers and comments which mention Cotes's work. Somebody there might know something about the evolution of the idea since Cotes. (And probably they would understand your question better, too.)
$endgroup$
– Zach Teitler
Nov 5 '17 at 4:55
|
show 10 more comments
$begingroup$
$log(ab)= log(a)+log(b)+2ik pi$
$endgroup$
– reuns
Aug 18 '17 at 15:35
$begingroup$
@reuns I'm asking how the definition of log has changed over time. It seems it was single-valued in Cotes' time, so that would not yet have applied then, correct?
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
I would be skeptical that Cotes' formula is actually $ix = ln(cos(x) + i sin(x))$ -- it may be a translation into modern language, and things can be lost in translation.
$endgroup$
– Hurkyl
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
@Hurkyl I never said mymath-historyquestion was easy. I would not know where to begin, so I've asked for help here.
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
It might be worthwhile to ask this question on the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange hsm.stackexchange.com. See for example a perhaps related question hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/4907/… and some answers and comments which mention Cotes's work. Somebody there might know something about the evolution of the idea since Cotes. (And probably they would understand your question better, too.)
$endgroup$
– Zach Teitler
Nov 5 '17 at 4:55
$begingroup$
$log(ab)= log(a)+log(b)+2ik pi$
$endgroup$
– reuns
Aug 18 '17 at 15:35
$begingroup$
$log(ab)= log(a)+log(b)+2ik pi$
$endgroup$
– reuns
Aug 18 '17 at 15:35
$begingroup$
@reuns I'm asking how the definition of log has changed over time. It seems it was single-valued in Cotes' time, so that would not yet have applied then, correct?
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
@reuns I'm asking how the definition of log has changed over time. It seems it was single-valued in Cotes' time, so that would not yet have applied then, correct?
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
I would be skeptical that Cotes' formula is actually $ix = ln(cos(x) + i sin(x))$ -- it may be a translation into modern language, and things can be lost in translation.
$endgroup$
– Hurkyl
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
I would be skeptical that Cotes' formula is actually $ix = ln(cos(x) + i sin(x))$ -- it may be a translation into modern language, and things can be lost in translation.
$endgroup$
– Hurkyl
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
@Hurkyl I never said my
math-history question was easy. I would not know where to begin, so I've asked for help here.$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:42
$begingroup$
@Hurkyl I never said my
math-history question was easy. I would not know where to begin, so I've asked for help here.$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:42
1
1
$begingroup$
It might be worthwhile to ask this question on the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange hsm.stackexchange.com. See for example a perhaps related question hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/4907/… and some answers and comments which mention Cotes's work. Somebody there might know something about the evolution of the idea since Cotes. (And probably they would understand your question better, too.)
$endgroup$
– Zach Teitler
Nov 5 '17 at 4:55
$begingroup$
It might be worthwhile to ask this question on the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange hsm.stackexchange.com. See for example a perhaps related question hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/4907/… and some answers and comments which mention Cotes's work. Somebody there might know something about the evolution of the idea since Cotes. (And probably they would understand your question better, too.)
$endgroup$
– Zach Teitler
Nov 5 '17 at 4:55
|
show 10 more comments
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
The emphasis on the single-valuedness of a function is a fairly recent phenomenon. Cauchy in his Cours d'Analyse (1821) deals in detail with multiple-valued functions for which he uses a double-symbol notation, such as $sqrt~!!!!sqrtx$ (to account for both roots in this case). If so, Cotes' formula was legitimate for his historical period.
Today we incorporate single-valuedness into our definition of a function following mid-19th century authors, so such a definition is no longer adequate.
answered Aug 18 '17 at 7:49
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
30.8k14399
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
I've clarified the question a bit, I'm looking for literally how it changed. What was the definition of the complex logarithm then, and in what way has it changed. I've taken a guess in the question, but I'm not sure. Thanks!
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:28
add a comment |
Your Answer
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1 Answer
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votes
1 Answer
1
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oldest
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votes
$begingroup$
The emphasis on the single-valuedness of a function is a fairly recent phenomenon. Cauchy in his Cours d'Analyse (1821) deals in detail with multiple-valued functions for which he uses a double-symbol notation, such as $sqrt~!!!!sqrtx$ (to account for both roots in this case). If so, Cotes' formula was legitimate for his historical period.
Today we incorporate single-valuedness into our definition of a function following mid-19th century authors, so such a definition is no longer adequate.
answered Aug 18 '17 at 7:49
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
30.8k14399
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
I've clarified the question a bit, I'm looking for literally how it changed. What was the definition of the complex logarithm then, and in what way has it changed. I've taken a guess in the question, but I'm not sure. Thanks!
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The emphasis on the single-valuedness of a function is a fairly recent phenomenon. Cauchy in his Cours d'Analyse (1821) deals in detail with multiple-valued functions for which he uses a double-symbol notation, such as $sqrt~!!!!sqrtx$ (to account for both roots in this case). If so, Cotes' formula was legitimate for his historical period.
Today we incorporate single-valuedness into our definition of a function following mid-19th century authors, so such a definition is no longer adequate.
answered Aug 18 '17 at 7:49
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
30.8k14399
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
I've clarified the question a bit, I'm looking for literally how it changed. What was the definition of the complex logarithm then, and in what way has it changed. I've taken a guess in the question, but I'm not sure. Thanks!
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The emphasis on the single-valuedness of a function is a fairly recent phenomenon. Cauchy in his Cours d'Analyse (1821) deals in detail with multiple-valued functions for which he uses a double-symbol notation, such as $sqrt~!!!!sqrtx$ (to account for both roots in this case). If so, Cotes' formula was legitimate for his historical period.
Today we incorporate single-valuedness into our definition of a function following mid-19th century authors, so such a definition is no longer adequate.
answered Aug 18 '17 at 7:49
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
30.8k14399
$endgroup$
The emphasis on the single-valuedness of a function is a fairly recent phenomenon. Cauchy in his Cours d'Analyse (1821) deals in detail with multiple-valued functions for which he uses a double-symbol notation, such as $sqrt~!!!!sqrtx$ (to account for both roots in this case). If so, Cotes' formula was legitimate for his historical period.
Today we incorporate single-valuedness into our definition of a function following mid-19th century authors, so such a definition is no longer adequate.
answered Aug 18 '17 at 7:49
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
30.8k14399
answered Aug 18 '17 at 7:49
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
30.8k14399
answered Aug 18 '17 at 7:49
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
30.8k14399
answered Aug 18 '17 at 7:49
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
30.8k14399
30.8k14399
$begingroup$
I've clarified the question a bit, I'm looking for literally how it changed. What was the definition of the complex logarithm then, and in what way has it changed. I've taken a guess in the question, but I'm not sure. Thanks!
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I've clarified the question a bit, I'm looking for literally how it changed. What was the definition of the complex logarithm then, and in what way has it changed. I've taken a guess in the question, but I'm not sure. Thanks!
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:28
$begingroup$
I've clarified the question a bit, I'm looking for literally how it changed. What was the definition of the complex logarithm then, and in what way has it changed. I've taken a guess in the question, but I'm not sure. Thanks!
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:28
$begingroup$
I've clarified the question a bit, I'm looking for literally how it changed. What was the definition of the complex logarithm then, and in what way has it changed. I've taken a guess in the question, but I'm not sure. Thanks!
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:28
add a comment |
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$begingroup$
$log(ab)= log(a)+log(b)+2ik pi$
$endgroup$
– reuns
Aug 18 '17 at 15:35
$begingroup$
@reuns I'm asking how the definition of log has changed over time. It seems it was single-valued in Cotes' time, so that would not yet have applied then, correct?
$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
I would be skeptical that Cotes' formula is actually $ix = ln(cos(x) + i sin(x))$ -- it may be a translation into modern language, and things can be lost in translation.
$endgroup$
– Hurkyl
Aug 18 '17 at 15:40
$begingroup$
@Hurkyl I never said my
math-historyquestion was easy. I would not know where to begin, so I've asked for help here.$endgroup$
– uhoh
Aug 18 '17 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
It might be worthwhile to ask this question on the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange hsm.stackexchange.com. See for example a perhaps related question hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/4907/… and some answers and comments which mention Cotes's work. Somebody there might know something about the evolution of the idea since Cotes. (And probably they would understand your question better, too.)
$endgroup$
– Zach Teitler
Nov 5 '17 at 4:55