On the Schrodinger fundamental solutionErgodic mean for Schrodinger flowHow to prove comparison principle for parabolic PDE (nonlinear)Uniqueness of the solution of a PDEFourier Transform of a PDE in 2 spatial variables.Regularity of fundamental solution to heat equationProperties of the solution of the schrodinger equationDecay estimate for the heat equation: $sup_t>0int_mathbbR t^alpha |u_x|^2 dx$Estimates of fundamental solution of heat equation in Sobolev spaceThe initial boundary value problem of the heat equationSolution of $u_t=mathcalFu$

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On the Schrodinger fundamental solution


Ergodic mean for Schrodinger flowHow to prove comparison principle for parabolic PDE (nonlinear)Uniqueness of the solution of a PDEFourier Transform of a PDE in 2 spatial variables.Regularity of fundamental solution to heat equationProperties of the solution of the schrodinger equationDecay estimate for the heat equation: $sup_t>0int_mathbbR t^alpha |u_x|^2 dx$Estimates of fundamental solution of heat equation in Sobolev spaceThe initial boundary value problem of the heat equationSolution of $u_t=mathcalFu$













2












$begingroup$


Let $e^itDelta$ be the fundamental Schrodinger solution. If $u_0$ is the corresponding initial data to the problem associated to Schrodinger free equation $u_t = iDelta u$ and $S(mathbbR^N)$ denotes the Schwarz class of functions. I wonder how to prove the following properties. I have proved another ones but these three got me stucked...



$$a) u_0in S(mathbbR^N)Rightarrow e^itDeltau_0in S(mathbbR^N) $$
$$ b) e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = e^it Delta (e^isDeltau_0) quad forall uin L^2(mathbbR^N) $$
$$ c) e^i 0 Deltau_0 = u_0 quad forall uin L^2(mathbbR^N)$$



Any help or hint would be appreciated.



Thanks in advance!










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Wouldn't a) follow from the fact that $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$? And c) as $e^i0Deltau_0 = mathcalF^-1hatu_0$? I wanted to do a bit of a sanity check before I try to sketch out a proof or give some hints in an answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Gary Moon
    Mar 21 at 21:27











  • $begingroup$
    Also, perhaps $e^i((t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) = e^itlvert xi rvert^2e^islvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi$ implies b)?
    $endgroup$
    – Gary Moon
    Mar 21 at 21:37











  • $begingroup$
    Are you sure you don't mean $lim_t to 0 e^itDelta u_0 = u_0$ in part (c)? Also, how do you define the operator $e^itDelta$?
    $endgroup$
    – Strants
    Mar 21 at 22:07










  • $begingroup$
    Maybe is what you Said for c). I have this notation on my notes. Do you know how to prove that the limit is $u_0$?. This what you mentioned was proved in my class for the heat kernel, but this kernel enjoys better properties of the one for schrodinger... by the way, $$e^itDeltau_0(x,t)=frac1(4pi^2it)^N/2int_mathbbR^N e^-frac^24itu_0(y) dy$$ and this is the solution of the Cauchy problem of $u_t=iDelta u$ with the initial condition $u(x,0)=u_0(x)$
    $endgroup$
    – R. N. Marley
    Mar 21 at 22:16
















2












$begingroup$


Let $e^itDelta$ be the fundamental Schrodinger solution. If $u_0$ is the corresponding initial data to the problem associated to Schrodinger free equation $u_t = iDelta u$ and $S(mathbbR^N)$ denotes the Schwarz class of functions. I wonder how to prove the following properties. I have proved another ones but these three got me stucked...



$$a) u_0in S(mathbbR^N)Rightarrow e^itDeltau_0in S(mathbbR^N) $$
$$ b) e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = e^it Delta (e^isDeltau_0) quad forall uin L^2(mathbbR^N) $$
$$ c) e^i 0 Deltau_0 = u_0 quad forall uin L^2(mathbbR^N)$$



Any help or hint would be appreciated.



Thanks in advance!










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Wouldn't a) follow from the fact that $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$? And c) as $e^i0Deltau_0 = mathcalF^-1hatu_0$? I wanted to do a bit of a sanity check before I try to sketch out a proof or give some hints in an answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Gary Moon
    Mar 21 at 21:27











  • $begingroup$
    Also, perhaps $e^i((t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) = e^itlvert xi rvert^2e^islvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi$ implies b)?
    $endgroup$
    – Gary Moon
    Mar 21 at 21:37











  • $begingroup$
    Are you sure you don't mean $lim_t to 0 e^itDelta u_0 = u_0$ in part (c)? Also, how do you define the operator $e^itDelta$?
    $endgroup$
    – Strants
    Mar 21 at 22:07










  • $begingroup$
    Maybe is what you Said for c). I have this notation on my notes. Do you know how to prove that the limit is $u_0$?. This what you mentioned was proved in my class for the heat kernel, but this kernel enjoys better properties of the one for schrodinger... by the way, $$e^itDeltau_0(x,t)=frac1(4pi^2it)^N/2int_mathbbR^N e^-frac^24itu_0(y) dy$$ and this is the solution of the Cauchy problem of $u_t=iDelta u$ with the initial condition $u(x,0)=u_0(x)$
    $endgroup$
    – R. N. Marley
    Mar 21 at 22:16














2












2








2


2



$begingroup$


Let $e^itDelta$ be the fundamental Schrodinger solution. If $u_0$ is the corresponding initial data to the problem associated to Schrodinger free equation $u_t = iDelta u$ and $S(mathbbR^N)$ denotes the Schwarz class of functions. I wonder how to prove the following properties. I have proved another ones but these three got me stucked...



$$a) u_0in S(mathbbR^N)Rightarrow e^itDeltau_0in S(mathbbR^N) $$
$$ b) e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = e^it Delta (e^isDeltau_0) quad forall uin L^2(mathbbR^N) $$
$$ c) e^i 0 Deltau_0 = u_0 quad forall uin L^2(mathbbR^N)$$



Any help or hint would be appreciated.



Thanks in advance!










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




Let $e^itDelta$ be the fundamental Schrodinger solution. If $u_0$ is the corresponding initial data to the problem associated to Schrodinger free equation $u_t = iDelta u$ and $S(mathbbR^N)$ denotes the Schwarz class of functions. I wonder how to prove the following properties. I have proved another ones but these three got me stucked...



$$a) u_0in S(mathbbR^N)Rightarrow e^itDeltau_0in S(mathbbR^N) $$
$$ b) e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = e^it Delta (e^isDeltau_0) quad forall uin L^2(mathbbR^N) $$
$$ c) e^i 0 Deltau_0 = u_0 quad forall uin L^2(mathbbR^N)$$



Any help or hint would be appreciated.



Thanks in advance!







functional-analysis pde fundamental-solution dispersive-pde






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Mar 22 at 15:00









Strants

5,80421736




5,80421736










asked Mar 21 at 18:29









R. N. MarleyR. N. Marley

1109




1109







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Wouldn't a) follow from the fact that $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$? And c) as $e^i0Deltau_0 = mathcalF^-1hatu_0$? I wanted to do a bit of a sanity check before I try to sketch out a proof or give some hints in an answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Gary Moon
    Mar 21 at 21:27











  • $begingroup$
    Also, perhaps $e^i((t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) = e^itlvert xi rvert^2e^islvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi$ implies b)?
    $endgroup$
    – Gary Moon
    Mar 21 at 21:37











  • $begingroup$
    Are you sure you don't mean $lim_t to 0 e^itDelta u_0 = u_0$ in part (c)? Also, how do you define the operator $e^itDelta$?
    $endgroup$
    – Strants
    Mar 21 at 22:07










  • $begingroup$
    Maybe is what you Said for c). I have this notation on my notes. Do you know how to prove that the limit is $u_0$?. This what you mentioned was proved in my class for the heat kernel, but this kernel enjoys better properties of the one for schrodinger... by the way, $$e^itDeltau_0(x,t)=frac1(4pi^2it)^N/2int_mathbbR^N e^-frac^24itu_0(y) dy$$ and this is the solution of the Cauchy problem of $u_t=iDelta u$ with the initial condition $u(x,0)=u_0(x)$
    $endgroup$
    – R. N. Marley
    Mar 21 at 22:16













  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Wouldn't a) follow from the fact that $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$? And c) as $e^i0Deltau_0 = mathcalF^-1hatu_0$? I wanted to do a bit of a sanity check before I try to sketch out a proof or give some hints in an answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Gary Moon
    Mar 21 at 21:27











  • $begingroup$
    Also, perhaps $e^i((t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) = e^itlvert xi rvert^2e^islvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi$ implies b)?
    $endgroup$
    – Gary Moon
    Mar 21 at 21:37











  • $begingroup$
    Are you sure you don't mean $lim_t to 0 e^itDelta u_0 = u_0$ in part (c)? Also, how do you define the operator $e^itDelta$?
    $endgroup$
    – Strants
    Mar 21 at 22:07










  • $begingroup$
    Maybe is what you Said for c). I have this notation on my notes. Do you know how to prove that the limit is $u_0$?. This what you mentioned was proved in my class for the heat kernel, but this kernel enjoys better properties of the one for schrodinger... by the way, $$e^itDeltau_0(x,t)=frac1(4pi^2it)^N/2int_mathbbR^N e^-frac^24itu_0(y) dy$$ and this is the solution of the Cauchy problem of $u_t=iDelta u$ with the initial condition $u(x,0)=u_0(x)$
    $endgroup$
    – R. N. Marley
    Mar 21 at 22:16








1




1




$begingroup$
Wouldn't a) follow from the fact that $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$? And c) as $e^i0Deltau_0 = mathcalF^-1hatu_0$? I wanted to do a bit of a sanity check before I try to sketch out a proof or give some hints in an answer.
$endgroup$
– Gary Moon
Mar 21 at 21:27





$begingroup$
Wouldn't a) follow from the fact that $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$? And c) as $e^i0Deltau_0 = mathcalF^-1hatu_0$? I wanted to do a bit of a sanity check before I try to sketch out a proof or give some hints in an answer.
$endgroup$
– Gary Moon
Mar 21 at 21:27













$begingroup$
Also, perhaps $e^i((t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) = e^itlvert xi rvert^2e^islvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi$ implies b)?
$endgroup$
– Gary Moon
Mar 21 at 21:37





$begingroup$
Also, perhaps $e^i((t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) = e^itlvert xi rvert^2e^islvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi$ implies b)?
$endgroup$
– Gary Moon
Mar 21 at 21:37













$begingroup$
Are you sure you don't mean $lim_t to 0 e^itDelta u_0 = u_0$ in part (c)? Also, how do you define the operator $e^itDelta$?
$endgroup$
– Strants
Mar 21 at 22:07




$begingroup$
Are you sure you don't mean $lim_t to 0 e^itDelta u_0 = u_0$ in part (c)? Also, how do you define the operator $e^itDelta$?
$endgroup$
– Strants
Mar 21 at 22:07












$begingroup$
Maybe is what you Said for c). I have this notation on my notes. Do you know how to prove that the limit is $u_0$?. This what you mentioned was proved in my class for the heat kernel, but this kernel enjoys better properties of the one for schrodinger... by the way, $$e^itDeltau_0(x,t)=frac1(4pi^2it)^N/2int_mathbbR^N e^-frac^24itu_0(y) dy$$ and this is the solution of the Cauchy problem of $u_t=iDelta u$ with the initial condition $u(x,0)=u_0(x)$
$endgroup$
– R. N. Marley
Mar 21 at 22:16





$begingroup$
Maybe is what you Said for c). I have this notation on my notes. Do you know how to prove that the limit is $u_0$?. This what you mentioned was proved in my class for the heat kernel, but this kernel enjoys better properties of the one for schrodinger... by the way, $$e^itDeltau_0(x,t)=frac1(4pi^2it)^N/2int_mathbbR^N e^-frac^24itu_0(y) dy$$ and this is the solution of the Cauchy problem of $u_t=iDelta u$ with the initial condition $u(x,0)=u_0(x)$
$endgroup$
– R. N. Marley
Mar 21 at 22:16











2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















2












$begingroup$

I'm actually trying to learn some of this type of analysis myself, so I'm going to take a stab at this and hopefully it will be helpful. If not, then my sincere apologies. Let's start with part a). Observe that $hatu_0 in mathcalS$ and, letting $D_j = frac1ipartial_j$, we have
$$D_x^alpha(e^itDeltau_0) = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-tlvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) xi^alpha hatu_0(xi) dxi.$$
Noticing that $mathcalF$ is in fact an automorphism on $mathcalS$ will let us see that $e^itDeltau_0 in mathcalS$.
For part c),
$$e^i0Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^-i(0lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) hatu_0(xi) dxi = mathcalF^-1hatu_0.$$
If, as mentioned in the comments, we want to consider the limit $tto 0$, the underlying logic should be similar (once one justifies passing the limit through the integral).
Lastly, b):
$$e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-(t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi) dxi = (2pi)^-dint e^-itlvert xi rvert^2[e^i(-slvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi)] dxi = e^itDelta(e^isDeltau_0).$$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$




















    1












    $begingroup$

    For these problems, it will be easier to work in Fourier space. Notice that $mathcalF : L^2 to L^2$ and $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$ are isometries, so it is sufficient to prove the results for $mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)$.



    For part (a), we have that
    $$mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)(xi) = e^^2 hatu_0(xi)$$
    so it suffices to prove that the term ont he right is in the Schwartz space. Consider the norm $[f]_M,K := sup_ leq K |xi|^alpha |partial_xi^beta f(xi)|$, where $alpha, beta$ are multi-indices. Notice that if we differentiate $e^it hatu_0(xi)$ with respect to $xi_j$, the derivative can either 'hit' the oscillating phase $e^it$ to give $-2itxi_j e^it$, or it can hit the function $hatu_0(xi)$. Iterating this, we can see that
    $$[e^it hatu_0]_M,Kleq C_Kt^K[hatu_0]_M+K, K$$
    since taking the derivative will give us a sum of terms involving polynomials in $xi|$ of order at most $M+K$ and derivatives of $hatu_0$ of order at most $K$. (This is just a sketch, I'll let you work out the details).



    Part (b) is quite simple: it follows from the fact that $e^-i(t+s) = e^^2e^xi$.



    For part (c) (assuming you want the limit version), follows from the dominated convergence theorem. Observe that we would like to show that
    $$ 0 = lim_t to 0 lVert e^^2 hat u_0 - hat u_0rVert_L^2^2 = lim_t to 0int left|e^^2 - 1right|^2 |hatu_0(xi)|^2;dxi$$
    Notice that the integrand is bounded by $4|hatu_0(xi)|^2$, which is integrable, that that it converges pointwise to $0$. By the dominated convergence theorem, we conclude that the integral is indeed $0$.




    As an addendum, notice that the same reasoning holds (possibly with minor adjustments) if we replace $|xi|^2$ by any polynomial $P(xi)$. The propagator $e^itP(xi)$ is the fundamental solution to
    $$u_t = iP(D_x) u$$
    where $D_x = frac1i partial_x$ and $P(D_x)$ is obtained by formally substituting the differential operator for $x$ in $P(x)$. Such equations are known as dispersive equations.






    share|cite|improve this answer











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      2 Answers
      2






      active

      oldest

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      2 Answers
      2






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      2












      $begingroup$

      I'm actually trying to learn some of this type of analysis myself, so I'm going to take a stab at this and hopefully it will be helpful. If not, then my sincere apologies. Let's start with part a). Observe that $hatu_0 in mathcalS$ and, letting $D_j = frac1ipartial_j$, we have
      $$D_x^alpha(e^itDeltau_0) = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-tlvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) xi^alpha hatu_0(xi) dxi.$$
      Noticing that $mathcalF$ is in fact an automorphism on $mathcalS$ will let us see that $e^itDeltau_0 in mathcalS$.
      For part c),
      $$e^i0Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^-i(0lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) hatu_0(xi) dxi = mathcalF^-1hatu_0.$$
      If, as mentioned in the comments, we want to consider the limit $tto 0$, the underlying logic should be similar (once one justifies passing the limit through the integral).
      Lastly, b):
      $$e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-(t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi) dxi = (2pi)^-dint e^-itlvert xi rvert^2[e^i(-slvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi)] dxi = e^itDelta(e^isDeltau_0).$$






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$

















        2












        $begingroup$

        I'm actually trying to learn some of this type of analysis myself, so I'm going to take a stab at this and hopefully it will be helpful. If not, then my sincere apologies. Let's start with part a). Observe that $hatu_0 in mathcalS$ and, letting $D_j = frac1ipartial_j$, we have
        $$D_x^alpha(e^itDeltau_0) = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-tlvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) xi^alpha hatu_0(xi) dxi.$$
        Noticing that $mathcalF$ is in fact an automorphism on $mathcalS$ will let us see that $e^itDeltau_0 in mathcalS$.
        For part c),
        $$e^i0Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^-i(0lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) hatu_0(xi) dxi = mathcalF^-1hatu_0.$$
        If, as mentioned in the comments, we want to consider the limit $tto 0$, the underlying logic should be similar (once one justifies passing the limit through the integral).
        Lastly, b):
        $$e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-(t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi) dxi = (2pi)^-dint e^-itlvert xi rvert^2[e^i(-slvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi)] dxi = e^itDelta(e^isDeltau_0).$$






        share|cite|improve this answer











        $endgroup$















          2












          2








          2





          $begingroup$

          I'm actually trying to learn some of this type of analysis myself, so I'm going to take a stab at this and hopefully it will be helpful. If not, then my sincere apologies. Let's start with part a). Observe that $hatu_0 in mathcalS$ and, letting $D_j = frac1ipartial_j$, we have
          $$D_x^alpha(e^itDeltau_0) = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-tlvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) xi^alpha hatu_0(xi) dxi.$$
          Noticing that $mathcalF$ is in fact an automorphism on $mathcalS$ will let us see that $e^itDeltau_0 in mathcalS$.
          For part c),
          $$e^i0Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^-i(0lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) hatu_0(xi) dxi = mathcalF^-1hatu_0.$$
          If, as mentioned in the comments, we want to consider the limit $tto 0$, the underlying logic should be similar (once one justifies passing the limit through the integral).
          Lastly, b):
          $$e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-(t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi) dxi = (2pi)^-dint e^-itlvert xi rvert^2[e^i(-slvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi)] dxi = e^itDelta(e^isDeltau_0).$$






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$



          I'm actually trying to learn some of this type of analysis myself, so I'm going to take a stab at this and hopefully it will be helpful. If not, then my sincere apologies. Let's start with part a). Observe that $hatu_0 in mathcalS$ and, letting $D_j = frac1ipartial_j$, we have
          $$D_x^alpha(e^itDeltau_0) = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-tlvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) xi^alpha hatu_0(xi) dxi.$$
          Noticing that $mathcalF$ is in fact an automorphism on $mathcalS$ will let us see that $e^itDeltau_0 in mathcalS$.
          For part c),
          $$e^i0Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^-i(0lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdotxi) hatu_0(xi) dxi = mathcalF^-1hatu_0.$$
          If, as mentioned in the comments, we want to consider the limit $tto 0$, the underlying logic should be similar (once one justifies passing the limit through the integral).
          Lastly, b):
          $$e^i(t+s)Deltau_0 = (2pi)^-dint e^i(-(t+s)lvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi) dxi = (2pi)^-dint e^-itlvert xi rvert^2[e^i(-slvert xi rvert^2 + xcdot xi)hatu_0(xi)] dxi = e^itDelta(e^isDeltau_0).$$







          share|cite|improve this answer














          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited Mar 29 at 15:58

























          answered Mar 21 at 21:52









          Gary MoonGary Moon

          92127




          92127





















              1












              $begingroup$

              For these problems, it will be easier to work in Fourier space. Notice that $mathcalF : L^2 to L^2$ and $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$ are isometries, so it is sufficient to prove the results for $mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)$.



              For part (a), we have that
              $$mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)(xi) = e^^2 hatu_0(xi)$$
              so it suffices to prove that the term ont he right is in the Schwartz space. Consider the norm $[f]_M,K := sup_ leq K |xi|^alpha |partial_xi^beta f(xi)|$, where $alpha, beta$ are multi-indices. Notice that if we differentiate $e^it hatu_0(xi)$ with respect to $xi_j$, the derivative can either 'hit' the oscillating phase $e^it$ to give $-2itxi_j e^it$, or it can hit the function $hatu_0(xi)$. Iterating this, we can see that
              $$[e^it hatu_0]_M,Kleq C_Kt^K[hatu_0]_M+K, K$$
              since taking the derivative will give us a sum of terms involving polynomials in $xi|$ of order at most $M+K$ and derivatives of $hatu_0$ of order at most $K$. (This is just a sketch, I'll let you work out the details).



              Part (b) is quite simple: it follows from the fact that $e^-i(t+s) = e^^2e^xi$.



              For part (c) (assuming you want the limit version), follows from the dominated convergence theorem. Observe that we would like to show that
              $$ 0 = lim_t to 0 lVert e^^2 hat u_0 - hat u_0rVert_L^2^2 = lim_t to 0int left|e^^2 - 1right|^2 |hatu_0(xi)|^2;dxi$$
              Notice that the integrand is bounded by $4|hatu_0(xi)|^2$, which is integrable, that that it converges pointwise to $0$. By the dominated convergence theorem, we conclude that the integral is indeed $0$.




              As an addendum, notice that the same reasoning holds (possibly with minor adjustments) if we replace $|xi|^2$ by any polynomial $P(xi)$. The propagator $e^itP(xi)$ is the fundamental solution to
              $$u_t = iP(D_x) u$$
              where $D_x = frac1i partial_x$ and $P(D_x)$ is obtained by formally substituting the differential operator for $x$ in $P(x)$. Such equations are known as dispersive equations.






              share|cite|improve this answer











              $endgroup$

















                1












                $begingroup$

                For these problems, it will be easier to work in Fourier space. Notice that $mathcalF : L^2 to L^2$ and $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$ are isometries, so it is sufficient to prove the results for $mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)$.



                For part (a), we have that
                $$mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)(xi) = e^^2 hatu_0(xi)$$
                so it suffices to prove that the term ont he right is in the Schwartz space. Consider the norm $[f]_M,K := sup_ leq K |xi|^alpha |partial_xi^beta f(xi)|$, where $alpha, beta$ are multi-indices. Notice that if we differentiate $e^it hatu_0(xi)$ with respect to $xi_j$, the derivative can either 'hit' the oscillating phase $e^it$ to give $-2itxi_j e^it$, or it can hit the function $hatu_0(xi)$. Iterating this, we can see that
                $$[e^it hatu_0]_M,Kleq C_Kt^K[hatu_0]_M+K, K$$
                since taking the derivative will give us a sum of terms involving polynomials in $xi|$ of order at most $M+K$ and derivatives of $hatu_0$ of order at most $K$. (This is just a sketch, I'll let you work out the details).



                Part (b) is quite simple: it follows from the fact that $e^-i(t+s) = e^^2e^xi$.



                For part (c) (assuming you want the limit version), follows from the dominated convergence theorem. Observe that we would like to show that
                $$ 0 = lim_t to 0 lVert e^^2 hat u_0 - hat u_0rVert_L^2^2 = lim_t to 0int left|e^^2 - 1right|^2 |hatu_0(xi)|^2;dxi$$
                Notice that the integrand is bounded by $4|hatu_0(xi)|^2$, which is integrable, that that it converges pointwise to $0$. By the dominated convergence theorem, we conclude that the integral is indeed $0$.




                As an addendum, notice that the same reasoning holds (possibly with minor adjustments) if we replace $|xi|^2$ by any polynomial $P(xi)$. The propagator $e^itP(xi)$ is the fundamental solution to
                $$u_t = iP(D_x) u$$
                where $D_x = frac1i partial_x$ and $P(D_x)$ is obtained by formally substituting the differential operator for $x$ in $P(x)$. Such equations are known as dispersive equations.






                share|cite|improve this answer











                $endgroup$















                  1












                  1








                  1





                  $begingroup$

                  For these problems, it will be easier to work in Fourier space. Notice that $mathcalF : L^2 to L^2$ and $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$ are isometries, so it is sufficient to prove the results for $mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)$.



                  For part (a), we have that
                  $$mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)(xi) = e^^2 hatu_0(xi)$$
                  so it suffices to prove that the term ont he right is in the Schwartz space. Consider the norm $[f]_M,K := sup_ leq K |xi|^alpha |partial_xi^beta f(xi)|$, where $alpha, beta$ are multi-indices. Notice that if we differentiate $e^it hatu_0(xi)$ with respect to $xi_j$, the derivative can either 'hit' the oscillating phase $e^it$ to give $-2itxi_j e^it$, or it can hit the function $hatu_0(xi)$. Iterating this, we can see that
                  $$[e^it hatu_0]_M,Kleq C_Kt^K[hatu_0]_M+K, K$$
                  since taking the derivative will give us a sum of terms involving polynomials in $xi|$ of order at most $M+K$ and derivatives of $hatu_0$ of order at most $K$. (This is just a sketch, I'll let you work out the details).



                  Part (b) is quite simple: it follows from the fact that $e^-i(t+s) = e^^2e^xi$.



                  For part (c) (assuming you want the limit version), follows from the dominated convergence theorem. Observe that we would like to show that
                  $$ 0 = lim_t to 0 lVert e^^2 hat u_0 - hat u_0rVert_L^2^2 = lim_t to 0int left|e^^2 - 1right|^2 |hatu_0(xi)|^2;dxi$$
                  Notice that the integrand is bounded by $4|hatu_0(xi)|^2$, which is integrable, that that it converges pointwise to $0$. By the dominated convergence theorem, we conclude that the integral is indeed $0$.




                  As an addendum, notice that the same reasoning holds (possibly with minor adjustments) if we replace $|xi|^2$ by any polynomial $P(xi)$. The propagator $e^itP(xi)$ is the fundamental solution to
                  $$u_t = iP(D_x) u$$
                  where $D_x = frac1i partial_x$ and $P(D_x)$ is obtained by formally substituting the differential operator for $x$ in $P(x)$. Such equations are known as dispersive equations.






                  share|cite|improve this answer











                  $endgroup$



                  For these problems, it will be easier to work in Fourier space. Notice that $mathcalF : L^2 to L^2$ and $mathcalF: mathcalS to mathcalS$ are isometries, so it is sufficient to prove the results for $mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)$.



                  For part (a), we have that
                  $$mathcalFleft(e^itDelta u_0right)(xi) = e^^2 hatu_0(xi)$$
                  so it suffices to prove that the term ont he right is in the Schwartz space. Consider the norm $[f]_M,K := sup_ leq K |xi|^alpha |partial_xi^beta f(xi)|$, where $alpha, beta$ are multi-indices. Notice that if we differentiate $e^it hatu_0(xi)$ with respect to $xi_j$, the derivative can either 'hit' the oscillating phase $e^it$ to give $-2itxi_j e^it$, or it can hit the function $hatu_0(xi)$. Iterating this, we can see that
                  $$[e^it hatu_0]_M,Kleq C_Kt^K[hatu_0]_M+K, K$$
                  since taking the derivative will give us a sum of terms involving polynomials in $xi|$ of order at most $M+K$ and derivatives of $hatu_0$ of order at most $K$. (This is just a sketch, I'll let you work out the details).



                  Part (b) is quite simple: it follows from the fact that $e^-i(t+s) = e^^2e^xi$.



                  For part (c) (assuming you want the limit version), follows from the dominated convergence theorem. Observe that we would like to show that
                  $$ 0 = lim_t to 0 lVert e^^2 hat u_0 - hat u_0rVert_L^2^2 = lim_t to 0int left|e^^2 - 1right|^2 |hatu_0(xi)|^2;dxi$$
                  Notice that the integrand is bounded by $4|hatu_0(xi)|^2$, which is integrable, that that it converges pointwise to $0$. By the dominated convergence theorem, we conclude that the integral is indeed $0$.




                  As an addendum, notice that the same reasoning holds (possibly with minor adjustments) if we replace $|xi|^2$ by any polynomial $P(xi)$. The propagator $e^itP(xi)$ is the fundamental solution to
                  $$u_t = iP(D_x) u$$
                  where $D_x = frac1i partial_x$ and $P(D_x)$ is obtained by formally substituting the differential operator for $x$ in $P(x)$. Such equations are known as dispersive equations.







                  share|cite|improve this answer














                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer








                  edited Mar 22 at 15:04

























                  answered Mar 22 at 14:54









                  StrantsStrants

                  5,80421736




                  5,80421736



























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