Show $f(x,y,z) = fraclog(y/x)log(z/x)$ is quasi concave for $x ge y > 0$, $x ge z > 0$.Convexity of a SetHow do I show that $ d((x_1, x_2), (y_1, y_2)) = |y_1 - x_1| + |y_2 - x_2|$ is a metric?How to show $f(x,y,z)=(xy, yz,xz,x^2-y^2)$ is injective?A proof of property of log-concaveShowing that the Triangle Inequality holds for the $L_infty$ norm as a metric.Proving $(x_1, x_2) in mathbbR^2_+ mid x_1 x_2 geq 1$ is convexStokes theorem for CuboidEstimating Parameters of Log-Concave ModelQuasiconcavity of the product functionConcavity of $ln(x^alpha - y)$ function

Have researchers managed to "reverse time"? If so, what does that mean for physics?

Are there verbs that are neither telic, or atelic?

What has been your most complicated TikZ drawing?

Why does Bach not break the rules here?

A Cautionary Suggestion

compactness of a set where am I going wrong

How to write cleanly even if my character uses expletive language?

Does someone need to be connected to my network to sniff HTTP requests?

Why did it take so long to abandon sail after steamships were demonstrated?

Interplanetary conflict, some disease destroys the ability to understand or appreciate music

How to deal with a cynical class?

If I can solve Sudoku can I solve Travelling Salesman Problem(TSP)? If yes, how?

Do these spellcasting foci from Xanathar's Guide to Everything have to be held in a hand?

Employee lack of ownership

Why one should not leave fingerprints on bulbs and plugs?

Do I need life insurance if I can cover my own funeral costs?

Happy pi day, everyone!

My Graph Theory Students

Why Choose Less Effective Armour Types?

Life insurance that covers only simultaneous/dual deaths

How difficult is it to simply disable/disengage the MCAS on Boeing 737 Max 8 & 9 Aircraft?

How Could an Airship Be Repaired Mid-Flight

Gravity magic - How does it work?

A sequence that has integer values for prime indexes only:



Show $f(x,y,z) = fraclog(y/x)log(z/x)$ is quasi concave for $x ge y > 0$, $x ge z > 0$.


Convexity of a SetHow do I show that $ d((x_1, x_2), (y_1, y_2)) = |y_1 - x_1| + |y_2 - x_2|$ is a metric?How to show $f(x,y,z)=(xy, yz,xz,x^2-y^2)$ is injective?A proof of property of log-concaveShowing that the Triangle Inequality holds for the $L_infty$ norm as a metric.Proving $(x_1, x_2) in mathbbR^2_+ mid x_1 x_2 geq 1$ is convexStokes theorem for CuboidEstimating Parameters of Log-Concave ModelQuasiconcavity of the product functionConcavity of $ln(x^alpha - y)$ function













0












$begingroup$


I'd like to show that
$$
fraclogfracy_1+y_2x_1+x_2logfracz_1+z_2x_1+x_2
ge
minleft
fraclog(y_1/x_1)log(z_1/x_1),
fraclog(y_2/x_2)log(z_2/x_2)
right.
$$

This would follow if $f(x,y,z) =
fraclog(y/x)log(z/x)$
was quasi concave.



One way to show this is if $f(x,y,z)gealpha$ defines a convex set for all $alphage 0$.
Plotting for various values of $alpha$, this is clearly the case.



From the first order condition, it suffices if
$f(vec y) le f(vec x) implies nabla f(vec x)^T(vec y-vec x) ge 0.$
Let $x'ge y',z'$ be such that $f(x',y',z')le f(x,y,z)$ then we must show



$$z log left(fracxzright) (y x'-x y')
ge y log left(fracxyright) (z x'-x z'),$$

which unfortunately doesn't seem any easier.



Alternatively, since $log x$ is quasi-linear, perhaps it suffices to show that $(x-y)/(x-z)$ is quasi-concave? I don't know a theorem to this effect, however.



Do you see a nice argument I might use to simplify this problem? Perhaps just tackling the original inequality directly?










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    Could you clearly define the domain? Can $x/y/z$ all be negative?
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 11 at 19:05










  • $begingroup$
    @LinAlg Right! They are all positive. They are also at most 1, though that doesn't seem to make a difference.
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 19:50






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Ok, just to make sure, $log(z/x)$ can be both negative and positive, right? Or did you mean $x geq y > 0$ and $x > z > 0$?
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 11 at 19:53











  • $begingroup$
    @LinAlg I didn't even think of that obvious ambiguity! It is always negative, or if we write it as $log(x/y)/log(x/z)$.
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 19:56















0












$begingroup$


I'd like to show that
$$
fraclogfracy_1+y_2x_1+x_2logfracz_1+z_2x_1+x_2
ge
minleft
fraclog(y_1/x_1)log(z_1/x_1),
fraclog(y_2/x_2)log(z_2/x_2)
right.
$$

This would follow if $f(x,y,z) =
fraclog(y/x)log(z/x)$
was quasi concave.



One way to show this is if $f(x,y,z)gealpha$ defines a convex set for all $alphage 0$.
Plotting for various values of $alpha$, this is clearly the case.



From the first order condition, it suffices if
$f(vec y) le f(vec x) implies nabla f(vec x)^T(vec y-vec x) ge 0.$
Let $x'ge y',z'$ be such that $f(x',y',z')le f(x,y,z)$ then we must show



$$z log left(fracxzright) (y x'-x y')
ge y log left(fracxyright) (z x'-x z'),$$

which unfortunately doesn't seem any easier.



Alternatively, since $log x$ is quasi-linear, perhaps it suffices to show that $(x-y)/(x-z)$ is quasi-concave? I don't know a theorem to this effect, however.



Do you see a nice argument I might use to simplify this problem? Perhaps just tackling the original inequality directly?










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    Could you clearly define the domain? Can $x/y/z$ all be negative?
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 11 at 19:05










  • $begingroup$
    @LinAlg Right! They are all positive. They are also at most 1, though that doesn't seem to make a difference.
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 19:50






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Ok, just to make sure, $log(z/x)$ can be both negative and positive, right? Or did you mean $x geq y > 0$ and $x > z > 0$?
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 11 at 19:53











  • $begingroup$
    @LinAlg I didn't even think of that obvious ambiguity! It is always negative, or if we write it as $log(x/y)/log(x/z)$.
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 19:56













0












0








0





$begingroup$


I'd like to show that
$$
fraclogfracy_1+y_2x_1+x_2logfracz_1+z_2x_1+x_2
ge
minleft
fraclog(y_1/x_1)log(z_1/x_1),
fraclog(y_2/x_2)log(z_2/x_2)
right.
$$

This would follow if $f(x,y,z) =
fraclog(y/x)log(z/x)$
was quasi concave.



One way to show this is if $f(x,y,z)gealpha$ defines a convex set for all $alphage 0$.
Plotting for various values of $alpha$, this is clearly the case.



From the first order condition, it suffices if
$f(vec y) le f(vec x) implies nabla f(vec x)^T(vec y-vec x) ge 0.$
Let $x'ge y',z'$ be such that $f(x',y',z')le f(x,y,z)$ then we must show



$$z log left(fracxzright) (y x'-x y')
ge y log left(fracxyright) (z x'-x z'),$$

which unfortunately doesn't seem any easier.



Alternatively, since $log x$ is quasi-linear, perhaps it suffices to show that $(x-y)/(x-z)$ is quasi-concave? I don't know a theorem to this effect, however.



Do you see a nice argument I might use to simplify this problem? Perhaps just tackling the original inequality directly?










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




I'd like to show that
$$
fraclogfracy_1+y_2x_1+x_2logfracz_1+z_2x_1+x_2
ge
minleft
fraclog(y_1/x_1)log(z_1/x_1),
fraclog(y_2/x_2)log(z_2/x_2)
right.
$$

This would follow if $f(x,y,z) =
fraclog(y/x)log(z/x)$
was quasi concave.



One way to show this is if $f(x,y,z)gealpha$ defines a convex set for all $alphage 0$.
Plotting for various values of $alpha$, this is clearly the case.



From the first order condition, it suffices if
$f(vec y) le f(vec x) implies nabla f(vec x)^T(vec y-vec x) ge 0.$
Let $x'ge y',z'$ be such that $f(x',y',z')le f(x,y,z)$ then we must show



$$z log left(fracxzright) (y x'-x y')
ge y log left(fracxyright) (z x'-x z'),$$

which unfortunately doesn't seem any easier.



Alternatively, since $log x$ is quasi-linear, perhaps it suffices to show that $(x-y)/(x-z)$ is quasi-concave? I don't know a theorem to this effect, however.



Do you see a nice argument I might use to simplify this problem? Perhaps just tackling the original inequality directly?







real-analysis convex-analysis convex-optimization






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Mar 11 at 19:56







Thomas Ahle

















asked Mar 11 at 11:21









Thomas AhleThomas Ahle

1,4541321




1,4541321











  • $begingroup$
    Could you clearly define the domain? Can $x/y/z$ all be negative?
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 11 at 19:05










  • $begingroup$
    @LinAlg Right! They are all positive. They are also at most 1, though that doesn't seem to make a difference.
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 19:50






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Ok, just to make sure, $log(z/x)$ can be both negative and positive, right? Or did you mean $x geq y > 0$ and $x > z > 0$?
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 11 at 19:53











  • $begingroup$
    @LinAlg I didn't even think of that obvious ambiguity! It is always negative, or if we write it as $log(x/y)/log(x/z)$.
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 19:56
















  • $begingroup$
    Could you clearly define the domain? Can $x/y/z$ all be negative?
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 11 at 19:05










  • $begingroup$
    @LinAlg Right! They are all positive. They are also at most 1, though that doesn't seem to make a difference.
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 19:50






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Ok, just to make sure, $log(z/x)$ can be both negative and positive, right? Or did you mean $x geq y > 0$ and $x > z > 0$?
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 11 at 19:53











  • $begingroup$
    @LinAlg I didn't even think of that obvious ambiguity! It is always negative, or if we write it as $log(x/y)/log(x/z)$.
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 19:56















$begingroup$
Could you clearly define the domain? Can $x/y/z$ all be negative?
$endgroup$
– LinAlg
Mar 11 at 19:05




$begingroup$
Could you clearly define the domain? Can $x/y/z$ all be negative?
$endgroup$
– LinAlg
Mar 11 at 19:05












$begingroup$
@LinAlg Right! They are all positive. They are also at most 1, though that doesn't seem to make a difference.
$endgroup$
– Thomas Ahle
Mar 11 at 19:50




$begingroup$
@LinAlg Right! They are all positive. They are also at most 1, though that doesn't seem to make a difference.
$endgroup$
– Thomas Ahle
Mar 11 at 19:50




1




1




$begingroup$
Ok, just to make sure, $log(z/x)$ can be both negative and positive, right? Or did you mean $x geq y > 0$ and $x > z > 0$?
$endgroup$
– LinAlg
Mar 11 at 19:53





$begingroup$
Ok, just to make sure, $log(z/x)$ can be both negative and positive, right? Or did you mean $x geq y > 0$ and $x > z > 0$?
$endgroup$
– LinAlg
Mar 11 at 19:53













$begingroup$
@LinAlg I didn't even think of that obvious ambiguity! It is always negative, or if we write it as $log(x/y)/log(x/z)$.
$endgroup$
– Thomas Ahle
Mar 11 at 19:56




$begingroup$
@LinAlg I didn't even think of that obvious ambiguity! It is always negative, or if we write it as $log(x/y)/log(x/z)$.
$endgroup$
– Thomas Ahle
Mar 11 at 19:56










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















1












$begingroup$

Let me give you a possible method. Consider the superlevel set $(x,y,z) : log(y/x) / log(z/x) geq alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $. Since $log(z/x)$ is negative, the sublevel set is equivalent to the set:
$$(x,y,z) : log(y/x) leq alpha log(z/x), x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $$
$$=(x,y,z) : y leq x^1-alphaz^alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 .$$
Consider the Hessian of $f(x,z) = x^1-alphaz^alpha$. If it is negative semidefinite, the set is convex and you are done. Otherwise, try the same but with $x$ or $z$ on one side.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    The eigenvalues of the Hessian are $0$ and $-(1-alpha) a x^-alpha-1 z^alpha-2 left(x^2+z^2right)$, so I guess it is negative semidefinite for all $alphale1$. That suffices for my purposes! Is $(x,y,z) : y le f(x,y)$ always convex when $f$ is concave?
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 21:16







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasAhle the answer to your last question is yes; the equivalent set in convex optimization is $x : f(x) leq 0$ where $f$ is convex.
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 12 at 0:44










Your Answer





StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function ()
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function ()
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix)
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
);
);
, "mathjax-editing");

StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "69"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);













draft saved

draft discarded


















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3143569%2fshow-fx-y-z-frac-logy-x-logz-x-is-quasi-concave-for-x-ge-y-0%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









1












$begingroup$

Let me give you a possible method. Consider the superlevel set $(x,y,z) : log(y/x) / log(z/x) geq alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $. Since $log(z/x)$ is negative, the sublevel set is equivalent to the set:
$$(x,y,z) : log(y/x) leq alpha log(z/x), x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $$
$$=(x,y,z) : y leq x^1-alphaz^alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 .$$
Consider the Hessian of $f(x,z) = x^1-alphaz^alpha$. If it is negative semidefinite, the set is convex and you are done. Otherwise, try the same but with $x$ or $z$ on one side.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    The eigenvalues of the Hessian are $0$ and $-(1-alpha) a x^-alpha-1 z^alpha-2 left(x^2+z^2right)$, so I guess it is negative semidefinite for all $alphale1$. That suffices for my purposes! Is $(x,y,z) : y le f(x,y)$ always convex when $f$ is concave?
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 21:16







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasAhle the answer to your last question is yes; the equivalent set in convex optimization is $x : f(x) leq 0$ where $f$ is convex.
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 12 at 0:44















1












$begingroup$

Let me give you a possible method. Consider the superlevel set $(x,y,z) : log(y/x) / log(z/x) geq alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $. Since $log(z/x)$ is negative, the sublevel set is equivalent to the set:
$$(x,y,z) : log(y/x) leq alpha log(z/x), x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $$
$$=(x,y,z) : y leq x^1-alphaz^alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 .$$
Consider the Hessian of $f(x,z) = x^1-alphaz^alpha$. If it is negative semidefinite, the set is convex and you are done. Otherwise, try the same but with $x$ or $z$ on one side.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    The eigenvalues of the Hessian are $0$ and $-(1-alpha) a x^-alpha-1 z^alpha-2 left(x^2+z^2right)$, so I guess it is negative semidefinite for all $alphale1$. That suffices for my purposes! Is $(x,y,z) : y le f(x,y)$ always convex when $f$ is concave?
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 21:16







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasAhle the answer to your last question is yes; the equivalent set in convex optimization is $x : f(x) leq 0$ where $f$ is convex.
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 12 at 0:44













1












1








1





$begingroup$

Let me give you a possible method. Consider the superlevel set $(x,y,z) : log(y/x) / log(z/x) geq alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $. Since $log(z/x)$ is negative, the sublevel set is equivalent to the set:
$$(x,y,z) : log(y/x) leq alpha log(z/x), x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $$
$$=(x,y,z) : y leq x^1-alphaz^alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 .$$
Consider the Hessian of $f(x,z) = x^1-alphaz^alpha$. If it is negative semidefinite, the set is convex and you are done. Otherwise, try the same but with $x$ or $z$ on one side.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$



Let me give you a possible method. Consider the superlevel set $(x,y,z) : log(y/x) / log(z/x) geq alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $. Since $log(z/x)$ is negative, the sublevel set is equivalent to the set:
$$(x,y,z) : log(y/x) leq alpha log(z/x), x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 $$
$$=(x,y,z) : y leq x^1-alphaz^alpha, x geq y > 0, x > z > 0 .$$
Consider the Hessian of $f(x,z) = x^1-alphaz^alpha$. If it is negative semidefinite, the set is convex and you are done. Otherwise, try the same but with $x$ or $z$ on one side.







share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered Mar 11 at 20:51









LinAlgLinAlg

10.1k1521




10.1k1521











  • $begingroup$
    The eigenvalues of the Hessian are $0$ and $-(1-alpha) a x^-alpha-1 z^alpha-2 left(x^2+z^2right)$, so I guess it is negative semidefinite for all $alphale1$. That suffices for my purposes! Is $(x,y,z) : y le f(x,y)$ always convex when $f$ is concave?
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 21:16







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasAhle the answer to your last question is yes; the equivalent set in convex optimization is $x : f(x) leq 0$ where $f$ is convex.
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 12 at 0:44
















  • $begingroup$
    The eigenvalues of the Hessian are $0$ and $-(1-alpha) a x^-alpha-1 z^alpha-2 left(x^2+z^2right)$, so I guess it is negative semidefinite for all $alphale1$. That suffices for my purposes! Is $(x,y,z) : y le f(x,y)$ always convex when $f$ is concave?
    $endgroup$
    – Thomas Ahle
    Mar 11 at 21:16







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @ThomasAhle the answer to your last question is yes; the equivalent set in convex optimization is $x : f(x) leq 0$ where $f$ is convex.
    $endgroup$
    – LinAlg
    Mar 12 at 0:44















$begingroup$
The eigenvalues of the Hessian are $0$ and $-(1-alpha) a x^-alpha-1 z^alpha-2 left(x^2+z^2right)$, so I guess it is negative semidefinite for all $alphale1$. That suffices for my purposes! Is $(x,y,z) : y le f(x,y)$ always convex when $f$ is concave?
$endgroup$
– Thomas Ahle
Mar 11 at 21:16





$begingroup$
The eigenvalues of the Hessian are $0$ and $-(1-alpha) a x^-alpha-1 z^alpha-2 left(x^2+z^2right)$, so I guess it is negative semidefinite for all $alphale1$. That suffices for my purposes! Is $(x,y,z) : y le f(x,y)$ always convex when $f$ is concave?
$endgroup$
– Thomas Ahle
Mar 11 at 21:16





1




1




$begingroup$
@ThomasAhle the answer to your last question is yes; the equivalent set in convex optimization is $x : f(x) leq 0$ where $f$ is convex.
$endgroup$
– LinAlg
Mar 12 at 0:44




$begingroup$
@ThomasAhle the answer to your last question is yes; the equivalent set in convex optimization is $x : f(x) leq 0$ where $f$ is convex.
$endgroup$
– LinAlg
Mar 12 at 0:44

















draft saved

draft discarded
















































Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3143569%2fshow-fx-y-z-frac-logy-x-logz-x-is-quasi-concave-for-x-ge-y-0%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

How should I support this large drywall patch? Planned maintenance scheduled April 23, 2019 at 00:00UTC (8:00pm US/Eastern) Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara Unicorn Meta Zoo #1: Why another podcast?How do I cover large gaps in drywall?How do I keep drywall around a patch from crumbling?Can I glue a second layer of drywall?How to patch long strip on drywall?Large drywall patch: how to avoid bulging seams?Drywall Mesh Patch vs. Bulge? To remove or not to remove?How to fix this drywall job?Prep drywall before backsplashWhat's the best way to fix this horrible drywall patch job?Drywall patching using 3M Patch Plus Primer

random experiment with two different functions on unit interval Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara Planned maintenance scheduled April 23, 2019 at 00:00UTC (8:00pm US/Eastern)Random variable and probability space notionsRandom Walk with EdgesFinding functions where the increase over a random interval is Poisson distributedNumber of days until dayCan an observed event in fact be of zero probability?Unit random processmodels of coins and uniform distributionHow to get the number of successes given $n$ trials , probability $P$ and a random variable $X$Absorbing Markov chain in a computer. Is “almost every” turned into always convergence in computer executions?Stopped random walk is not uniformly integrable

Lowndes Grove History Architecture References Navigation menu32°48′6″N 79°57′58″W / 32.80167°N 79.96611°W / 32.80167; -79.9661132°48′6″N 79°57′58″W / 32.80167°N 79.96611°W / 32.80167; -79.9661178002500"National Register Information System"Historic houses of South Carolina"Lowndes Grove""+32° 48' 6.00", −79° 57' 58.00""Lowndes Grove, Charleston County (260 St. Margaret St., Charleston)""Lowndes Grove"The Charleston ExpositionIt Happened in South Carolina"Lowndes Grove (House), Saint Margaret Street & Sixth Avenue, Charleston, Charleston County, SC(Photographs)"Plantations of the Carolina Low Countrye