Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow Contents Apparatus Kinetics See also References Navigation menu1995ARPC...46..109S10.1146/annurev.pc.46.100195.0005452432912010.1002/anie.2005027471662876710.1021/ar990099i0001-484210.1002/anie.201611240286089752001IJMSp.208...73S10.1016/S1387-3806(01)00383-9
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Frenchexperimenttemperaturesde Laval nozzlesupersonicUniversity of RennesUniversity of BirminghamChemical kineticspump-probephotolysislaser-induced fluorescencephotomultiplierreaction rate constantionsmolecular oxygenArrhenius kineticsrate constantinterstellar mediumradio astronomy
Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow (French: Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme, CRESU ) is an experiment investigating chemical reactions taking place at very low temperatures.[1][2][3]
The technique involves the expansion of a gas or mixture of gases through a de Laval nozzle from a high pressure reservoir into a vacuum chamber. As it expands, the nozzle collimates the gas into a uniform supersonic beam that is essentially collision free and has a temperature that, in the centre of mass frame, can be significantly below that of the reservoir gas. Each nozzle produces a characteristic temperature. This way, any temperature between room temperature and about 10K can be achieved.
Contents
1 Apparatus
2 Kinetics
3 See also
4 References
Apparatus
There are relatively few CRESU [4] apparatuses in existence for the simple reason that the gas throughput and pumping requirements are huge, which makes them expensive to run. Two of the leading centres have been the University of Rennes (France) and the University of Birmingham (UK). A more recent development has been a pulsed version of the CRESU,[5] which requires far less gas and therefore smaller pumps.
Kinetics
Most species have a negligible vapour pressure at such low temperatures and this means that they quickly condense on the sides of the apparatus. Essentially, the CRESU technique provides a "wall-less flow tube," which allows the kinetics of gas phase reactions to be investigated at much lower temperatures than otherwise possible.
Chemical kinetics experiments can then be carried out in a pump-probe fashion using a laser to initiate the reaction (for example by preparing one of the reagents by photolysis of a precursor), followed by observation of that same species (for example by laser-induced fluorescence) after a known time delay. The fluorescence signal is captured by a photomultiplier a known distance downstream of the de Laval nozzle. The time delay can be varied up to the maximum corresponding to the flow time over that known distance. By studying how quickly the reagent species disappears in the presence of differing concentrations of a (usually stable) co-reagent species the reaction rate constant at the low temperature of the CRESU flow can be determined.
Reactions studied by the CRESU technique typically have no significant activation energy barrier. In the case of neutral-neutral reactions (i.e., not involving any charged species, ions), these type of barrier-free reactions usually involve free radical species such as molecular oxygen (O2), the cyanide radical (CN) or the hydroxyl radical (OH). The energetic driving force for these reactions is typically an attractive long range intermolecular potential.
CRESU experiments have been used to show deviations from Arrhenius kinetics at low temperatures: as the temperature is reduced, the rate constant actually increases. They can explain why chemistry is so prevalent in the interstellar medium, where many different polyatomic species have been detected (by radio astronomy).
See also
- Cryochemistry
References
^ Sims, Ian R.; Smith, Ian W. M. (October 1995). "Gas-Phase Reactions and Energy Transfer at Very Low Temperatures". Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 46 (1): 109–138. Bibcode:1995ARPC...46..109S. doi:10.1146/annurev.pc.46.100195.000545. PMID 24329120..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ Smith, Ian W. M. (28 April 2006). "Reactions at Very Low Temperatures: Gas Kinetics at a New Frontier". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (18): 2842–2861. doi:10.1002/anie.200502747. PMID 16628767.
^ Smith, Ian W. M.; Rowe, Bertrand R. (2000). "Reaction Kinetics at Very Low Temperatures: Laboratory Studies and Interstellar Chemistry". Accounts of Chemical Research. 33 (5): 261–268. doi:10.1021/ar990099i. ISSN 0001-4842.
^ Potapov, Alexey; Canosa, André; Jiménez, Elena; Rowe, Bertrand (2017). "Uniform Supersonic Chemical Reactors: 30 Years of Astrochemical History and Future Challenges". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (30): 8618–8640. doi:10.1002/anie.201611240. PMID 28608975.
^ Speck, Thomas; Mostefaoui, Toufik I.; Travers, Daniel; Rowe, Bertrand R. (July 2001). "Pulsed injection of ions into the CRESU experiment". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 208 (1–3): 73–80. Bibcode:2001IJMSp.208...73S. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(01)00383-9.
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